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Some findings based on CRRC DI Surveys
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1
RCRC
Caucasus Research Resource Centers (CRRC)-Armenia
Migration and Remittances:
Some findings based on CRRC DI Surveys
Yerevan-Washington May 18, 2008 crrc@crrc.am
Heghine Manasyan
Arsen Aslanyan
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RCRC
Outline
• Caucasus Research Resource Centers (CRRC)
• CRRC Data Initiative• Migration data: General overview • Remittances: who, how often, for
what, etc.
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RCRC
What is CRRC?
• Resource and training centers’ network established in Baku, Tbilisi, and Yerevan to strengthen Social Sciences in the South Caucasus
• Partnership between the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Eurasia Partnership Foundation, and the local Universities
• and …. one of AIPRG strong partners
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RCRC
What does CRRC aim to achieve? • Increase accessibility of high-quality research
resources;• Strengthen domestic capacity;• Increase dialogue and collaboration between
researchers and policy practitioners.
What does CRRC offer? • Library and reading room, IT Lab, statistical
software and databases;• Data Initiative surveys;• Methodological trainings and lectures, conferences,
roundtables;• Fellowship program, mentorship program;• New incentives for research-policy dialogue,
networking and collaboration.
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RCRC CRRC Data Initiative: Introduction• Annual household surveys starting from year 2004 to collect
data on the developments in South Caucasus Countries;
• Questionnaire content: Demography, Education, Employment, Migration, Health, Social Institutions, Social Capital, Politics, Crime, and Economic Condition;
• Sampling: Multistage cluster sampling with three disaggregated populations: capital city, other cities, and rural;
• DI 2007 survey:
8,053 households (and approximately the same number of individuals) were surveyed in the South Caucasus countries:
2,514 in Armenia
2,148 in Azerbaijan
3,391 in Georgia
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RCRC The DI 2004-2007 Survey Samples
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RCRC
• The questionnaire was developed by the teams of researchers from three SC countries, and it has been revised
year after year;
• In 2007 the questionnaire had significant changes with the introduction of new questions and elimination of some
ineffective questions, and it was split into two parts - individual and household questionnaires;
• The survey gathers information about:
HH characteristics (HH size, socio-demographics of household members, economic status/conditions, as well
information on current/past migrant members), Individuals sampled within those households (their
employment, education, health, political views, social capital, etc.).
CRRC Data Initiative: Survey Instrument
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RCRC Main changes made in the “Migration”
block of Questions in 2004-2007
•The term “Migration” refered to both external and internal migration during DI 2007 survey;
•The period of migration under the study was changed from “during past 3 years” to “since 1991;”
•The questions on migration reasons, employment status and employment spheres during migration were removed in 2007;
•The questions on remittances and their importance were added in 2007
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RCRC Migration characteristics: General overview
• Why? Lack of jobs (slides 10 and 11, DI-2006)
- From Unemployment to Employment in Private sector (Armenia)
- From Unemployment to Self-employment abroad (Azerbaijan)
• How many?
• Intensity of flows over time: Back?
• Where (destination): Russia?
• Who? Men aged 30-50?
• For what period?
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RCRC Migration 2006: Adjusting LM conditions?
(% of total migrants aged 16 and higher)
5769
79
2921
2014 4
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Yerevan Other cities Rural
Armenia
The country does nothave any future
Personal reasons
Could not get a jobcorresponding tohis/ her qualifications
Money s/ he wasearning was notenough for the HH
Was unable to get ajob
Reasons for leaving the home country
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RCRCMigration 2006: Migrants’ occupation before and
during migration (% of total migrants aged 16 and higher)
15
74
12 7
2613
8
12
8 14
515
3
24
63
8
19
4649
375
5 53
11
5
11 1223
404
5 6
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%B
efo
re
Aft
er
Bef
ore
Aft
er
Bef
ore
Aft
er
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
Other
Student
Unemployed andlooking for work
Self-employed, withoutemployees
Employee in stateorganization/company/enterpriseEmployee in privateorganization/company/enterprise
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RCRC Data from DI 2007 survey
Current Migrants: Household members who have left their households (either permanently or temporarily) for more than 3 months since 1991 but have not returned home.
Return Migrants: Household members who have been abroad for more than 3 months during 1991-2007 and returned home.
Definitions
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RCRC
2017 17 18
6
11
15
108 7 7 7
Yer
evan
Oth
eru
rban
Ru
ral
All
cou
ntr
y
Bak
u
Oth
eru
rban
Ru
ral
All
cou
ntr
y
Tb
ilis
i
Oth
eru
rban
Ru
ral
All
cou
ntr
y
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
Return Migrants 2007: Share of households who had former (return) migrants
(% of total HHs)
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RCRC Return Migration: Share of household members
who have been abroad for more than 3 months during 1991-2007 and returned
home
5.5%
3.6%
1.0% 1.2% 1.4%2.0% 1.8%
1.3%
7.0%
Yere
van
Oth
er
urb
an
Rura
l
Baku
Oth
er
urb
an
Rura
l
Tbilis
i
Oth
er
urb
an
Rura
l
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
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RCRC
1
23 22
31
23
0
11
16
33
40
<1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2007
Year last left
Year last returned
Return Migration: Share of household members who have left their HHs and came back
(% within groups)
16
RCRC Return Migration: Destination countries for those who
have been abroad for more than 3 months during 1991-2007 and returned home
6985
49
18
4
25
4
7
8 918
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
Other foreigncountry/Differentregion
Western Europe
FSU, excludingRF
Russia
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RCRC Return Migration: How long did the former
migrants stay abroad? (% of total)
21 1727
23 2317
16 26 15
2217
16
19 16 24
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
4 years and more2-4 years1-2 years6 -12 months3-6 months
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RCRC Current Migrants: Share of HHs having at least
one member abroad as of October 2007
9%
15%11%
3%
7% 6%
3%
7%
3%
Yerevan Otherurban
Rural Baku Otherurban
Rural Tbilisi Otherurban
Rural
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
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RCRC Current Migrants: Number of Current Migrants
per 100 HHs (October 2007)
29
7 9
34
8
14
23
86
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
RuralOther urbanCapital
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RCRC Current migrants: Demographic profile
(Armenia, % of all migrants abroad in 2007)
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RCRC Year of last emigration of current migrants
(% of all current migrants)
0.3%2.7%
10.6%
4.0%
10.9%
19.7%
9.8%
20.4%
29.9%
38.7%
33.4%
39.5%43.4%
4.0%
32.5%
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
before 1991
1991-1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
After 2005
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RCRC
Work and
Study
Work
Neither work nor study
Study 67%
25%
8%
1%
Current Migration: What do Armenian migrants do abroad? (% of all migrants abroad in 2007)
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RCRC
Remittances
Important? Sustainable?
24
RCRC Return Migration: Share of former/return
migrants who financially supported their HHs (share of total in respective groups, %)
52
11
7684
66
1926
9
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
Studied abroad
Worked abroad
Neither studied norworked abroad
25
RCRC Do the Migrants Support their HHs in home
country? (% of all)
13
36
21
40
43
32
47
19
46
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
No support
Non-monetarysupport only
Monetary supportonly
Both monetary andnon-monetarysupport
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RCRC
14.7
6.6
12.3
42.8
23.6
At least once a month
Approximately every 2-3months
Approximately every 4-6months
Less frequently thanevery 4-6 months
Irregularly/Difficult to say
How often do Armenian Migrants Support their HHs Back Home? (% of all)
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RCRC
11
23 23
21
5
34
32 1
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56-65
Male
Female
Age and gender of remittance senders (Armenia, % of all remittance senders)
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RCRC How do the migrants send money back home?
(%)
47
23
30
38
39
42
23
59
25
8
22
9
2
9
11
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Money Transfer Organizations
Bank transfer
Through friends /acquaintances/ relatives.
Brought personally by HH member
Through courier / bus driver / agent.
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RCRC
11.1
15.0
9.5
4.45.6 5.7
2.9
7.3
3.0
Rural Urban Capital Rural Urban Capital Rural Urban Capital
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
Share of HHs receiving remittances from their members abroad
(% of all HHs in each strata)
30
RCRC Current Migrants’ and remitters' relation
to the HH head (% of total)
53
17
12
8
5
3
2
60
23
5
4
5
2
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Son/ Daughter
Spouse
Grandchild
Son/ Daughter in law
Mother/ Father (incl. in law)
Sister/ Brother
Other person RemittersMigrants
31
RCRC Importance of contributions received from
household members currently living abroad to those households’ well-being (share of total, %)
57
2331
29
41
49
9
3112
5 5 9
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
Not veryimportant
Moderatelyimportant
Important
Vital
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RCRC Importance of Remittances Received from
Current Migrants for Armenian HHs (share of total, %)
55 5853
29 2732
11 86
3 4 9
Rural Other urban Capital
Not very important
Moderately important
Important
Vital
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RCRC
2439
21
8
14
13
20
25
23
16
11
15
32
1128
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
76-100
51-75
26-50
1-25
0
Share of received
remittances in the annual HH income in 2006
(%)
Share of remittances in the annual HH income among HHs receiving remittances in
2006
(% of all HHs receiving remittances)
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RCRC
8092
36
4
15
2175
23
14
7
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
Middle East, excludingTurkey
Other foreigncountry/ Different region
North America
Eastern Europe
Turkey
Former Soviet Union,excluding Russia
Western Europe
Russia
Countries where the remittances are sent from: looking for diversification!
(share of all remittance senders, %)
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RCRC How do HHs spend money received from their
migrant members? (%, three possible items)
91
87
86
55
65
45
26
18
25
17
9
20
6
15
9
4
23
6
8
4
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
FoodClothingEducationMedical care
Housing construction / RenovationSavingsOther
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RCRC
12 17 13
88 83 87
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
No
Yes
Do HHs share remittances received from their migrant HH members with other HHs?
(%)
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RCRC
3.1
3.1
15.6
78.1
25% and less
26% - 50%
51% - 75%
76% - 100%
What percent of those remittances did Armenian HHs share with other HHs? (%
of HHs)
Share of remittances
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RCRC
154 7
12
613
14
11
25
52
55
37
6
2418
Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia
Don't know
Defenitely not
Probably not
Probably
Definitely
Migration potential: “If the socioeconomic conditions in your country do not improve in the next three years, will you migrate from the country?” (% of all, year 2006)
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RCRC
Visit www.crrccenters.org --> Data Initiative Project to find:
• Survey datasets (in SPSS format)• Questionnaires and show cards (in 4
languages)• Survey methodology document• SPSS online crash course
Want to know more?
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RCRC
Thank you!
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