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Metropolitan Food ClustersPeter Smeets
New Cluster Approaches
12 November 2014
METROPOLITAN FOOD CLUSTERS
PROVIDING FOOD FOR AN INCREASING URBAN WORLD POPULATION
WORLD GLOBAL FOOD DEMAND CAN ONLY BE MET THROUGH GLOBAL AGROLOGISTIC NETWORK
WORLD GLOBAL FOOD DEMAND CAN ONLY BE MET THROUGH GLOBAL AGROLOGISTIC NETWORK
• Population growth strongest in India,
Africa, East and Southeast Asia
• Cities eat land, pollute land as well as
water resources in China and India
• Agricultural productivity for arable
crops can be improved in S-America and Central Asia
• Growing import dependency
• Only with global agrologistic network
a stable food provision can be guaranteed!!
RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY IS KEY FACTOR IN IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY
METROPOLITAN FOOD PRODUCTION IS TAKING SHAPE IN CLUSTERS :TROUGH HITECH INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE
• Agropark Queretaro: 300 ha of hightech greenhouses
• From 2004 onwards this cluster has developed without a design
METROPOLITAN FOOD PRODUCTION IS TAKING SHAPE IN CLUSTERS :TROUGH HITECH INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE
Integrated design for an agro-eco-city in Liaocheng, Shandong China: 200 ha of greenhouse cluster.
Construction of innovation-education building preceeds start of greenhouse building.
METROPOLITAN FOOD PRODUCTION IS TAKING SHAPE IN CLUSTERS :THROUGH VERTICAL CHAIN INTEGRATION
• Significant cost reduction through higher productivity and less transport
• Integration reduces transport and veterinary risks• Added value stays within chain• Large scale and industrial mode of production
enables radical environmental technology: » Smell reduction» Ammonia emission reduction» Fine dust reduction
Mother animals
Genetics
Egg production
Breeding
Broilers
Slaughtering
Processing
Short
chain
broiler
production
manure
CO2
Energy
Retail
Feed
METROPOLITAN FOOD PRODUCTION IS TAKING SHAPE IN CLUSTERS :THROUGH HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION (1)
• Agropark in operation in sea harbour • Primary agricultural production through industrial
ecology connected to agro-industry• Focus on sustainable development of bio-energy
production
METROPOLITAN FOOD PRODUCTION IS TAKING SHAPE IN CLUSTERS :THROUGH HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION (2):
AgriportA7• Centre for growing vegetables, agribusiness
industry and logistics, 30 minutes from Amsterdam
• Primary production:
– Large scale glasshouses : 300 ha growing to
1.000 ha
– Field crops : 40.000 ha
• Vegetables industry, logistics and services
– Business park: 70 ha
• Geothermic energy for heating
• Microsoft server centre providing heat for
greenhouse and acquiring decentralised power
provision
METROPOLITAN FOOD PRODUCTION IS TAKING SHAPE IN METROPOLITAN FOOD CUSTERS :AGROPARKS
A spatial cluster of high-productive plant
and/or animal production and
processing units in industrial mode
combined with the input of high levels of
knowledge and technology. The application of
industrial ecology reduces costs and
environmental emissions
METROPOLITAN FOOD PRODUCTION IS TAKING SHAPE IN METROPOLITAN FOOD CLUSTERS :RURAL TRANSFORMATION CENTRES
Rural Transformation Centres are satellites in rural areas where the inputs from land
dependent production for the whole network are collected and/or
processed.
RTCs provide training and education to
capacitate farmers to increase their productivity.
METROPOLITAN FOOD PRODUCTION IS TAKING SHAPE IN METROPOLITAN FOOD CLUSTERS :CONSOLIDATION CENTRES
In consolidation centers, products, both
raw and processed, coming from the rural environment or from specialized agroparks,
are combined with import flows, if
necessary be processed further, and then recombined and
distributed into the metropole
METROPOLITAN FOOD PRODUCTION IS TAKING SHAPE IN METROPOLITAN FOOD CLUSTERS :GREENPORT VENLO
Greenhouse area
Consolidation Centre
(Sub)urban area
Harbour
Industrial ecology processing restproducts from agrofoodFloriade
Isolated Greenhouses
Large scale Pig farm
Large scale Chicken
farmLarge scale Dairy farm
Single farm sites.
The map only shows
the 30% largest
primary producers in
the area:
Consolidation Centre Freshpark Venlo
A METROPOLITAN FOOD CLUSTERS IS A REGIONAL INNOVATION CLUSTER
SME metal and building industry
Software
developers
Financial
services
Advanced
Producer
services
Regional &
local
governement
Marketing and
communication
Processors, logistics, trade,
maintainance
Critical mass
of Prime
producers in a
cluster
Other customers
Other customers
Other customers
Other customers
IMPORTANT LESSONS LEARNED FROM DESIGN:
PRACTICE IS CO-DESIGN
• The concept of Kairos. This is the ability to act strategically and at the
right time in a complex dialogue with many partners.
• The involvement of experts, including ‘professional amateurs’, with a range of expertise, skills and practical wisdom, performing a ‘multilingual’ conversation.
• Dialogue takes place in a ‘free space’, implying a state of mind and atmosphere without obligations in terms of interests, cognitive frameworks and time, as a condition for learning and creativity, where participants have an open mind.
• The creation of new insights through a design approach: the iterative process of creative imagination and reflective judgement.
IMPORTANT LESSONS LEARNED: WE CALL THE ENGINE BEHIND REGIONAL INNOVATION CLUSTER A KENGI: IT’S FUEL IS TRUST
NGO’s go for influence and
members
Transition management
facilitates
transfers between
the currencies and builds trust
Entrepreneurs go for profitPoliticians go for power
Knowledge workers go
for peer reviewed publications
Government Entrepreneurs
Knowledge
institutionsNGO’s
IMPORTANT LESSONS LEARNED: INTEGRATED DESIGN OF HARDWARE, ORGWARE AND SOFTWARE IS NECESSARY.
• Hardware is easy, • Orgware is difficult• Software takes time
DEVELOPMENT OF METROPOLITAN FOOD CLUSTERS IN MEXICO: DEMOGRAPHY
DEVELOPMENT OF METROPOLITAN FOOD CLUSTERS IN MEXICO
Central Mexico MFC
Monterey MFC
Nayarit
Aguascalientes
Chiapas
• Federal Ministry of Finance is investing in agropark development as shareholder
• Federal Ministry of Agriculture has set up a subsidy programm: “Systema nacional de agroparques”.
• Federal government has release a National Vision on Agrologistics serving as a framework for regional development
• States, municipalities and private investors are developing plans and are investing...
DEVELOPMENT OF AGROCLUSTERS IS PART OF THE REFORMA RURAL OF CURRENT GOVERNMENT
DEVELOPMENT OF METROPOLITAN FOOD CLUSTERS IN MEXICO: AGUASCALIENTES
Agrologistics
Regional MFC network Aguascalientes Zoning plan agropark Agros1
Zoning plan RTC Asientos
DEVELOPMENT OF METROPOLITAN FOOD CLUSTERS IN MEXICO: NAYARIT
Agropark Compostella phase 1
Agropark Compostella phase 1: Industrial Ecology
Agropark Compostella phase 2
Regional MFC network Nayarit
DEVELOPMENT OF METROPOLITAN FOOD CLUSTERS IN MEXICO: CHIAPASRegional MFC network Chiapas Zoning plan agropark Tapachula
If possible co-design of metropolitan food clusters is to be preferred in stead of organic growth.
There is no blueprint that can be copied but innovation principles can be taken as inspiration:
Resource use efficiency
Vertical and horizontal integration generationg industrial ecology
Elaboration of the agrologistic network
Integrated co-design of hardware, orgware and software
Metropolitan food clusters are part of a transition process that takes decades in stead of years and often meets fierce opposition in society.
We propose to set up a theme within TCI on metropolitan food clusters.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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