Apa advanced lr

1

APA Advanced:APA Advanced:Preparing for Preparing for

FSEHS Final ReviewFSEHS Final Review(Using APA 6th ed.)(Using APA 6th ed.)

APA Advanced: preparing for FSEHS Final Review (using APA 2007 Style Guide)

Hot off the press in 2009!Publication Manual of the

American Psychological Association

6th ed.

http://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/arc

Title:

Info on Applied Dissertation

Student’s Name

InstitutionYear

Disable Auto-Formatting in Word

Before you type a word:• Go to Format• Lines and Page Breaks• Uncheck first 4 boxes

It is OK to turn off Widow/Orphan control.

Table of Contents

• Do NOT use a row of periods in the TOC!Need to use a “dot leader”.

• How to Set Up Tabs and Dots for TOC:http://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/arc/word/tochowto.doc

Use ERIC Thesaurus to Identify ERIC Descriptors for Abstract

Abstract

Free Version of ERIC Thesaurus

Pagination

• Use roman numerals in first section for Acknowledgments, Abstract, and TOC – at bottom in the middle of the page

Pagination in Body of Paper

• Page numbers go inupper right-hand corner

• Use a section break todivide the paper into sections to change from romannumerals at bottom to numbers in upper right

Pagination in Word 2007

• Page numbers go inupper right-hand corner

• Use a section break todivide the paper into sections to change from romannumerals at bottom to numbers in upper right

Margins12

• 1½ inch left margin for dissertation.

• For the finaldissertation report, use a rulerTip: Try setting bottom margin at 0.95 inches.

• Tables and appendices MUSThave correct margins!

No running headers

See ARC document, Tips for Correct Marginshttp://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/arc/word/margins.doc

Spacing

Formatting rules for the paper – no bolding, no underlining, not bullets, APA headings

Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title

page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes,

tables, and figure captions.  APA does permit single spacing within references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326

of the Publication Manual.)

Major headings require specific formatting (a) The first word of

the heading is capitalized as well as all major words; (b) articles,

short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions are not

capitalized; and (c) the heading is not italicized.

Exceptions for dissertation. Other issues also need to be

72

Chapter 3

Methodology

• Bolding used for headings & mathematical symbols but not text.

• No underlining

• No Introduction section

Level 1

Level 3

APA Headings

Sample and Population.

Level 2

Headings --APA (6th ed.) , p. 62

Use Level 1 Headings

Level 2 – Flush Left, Bold, Upper andLower Case Side Heading

Level 3 is indented, bold, uses lowercase, and ends with a period.

Don’t use Microsoft Word headings

Ahah!

Do not use Word’s headings toformat the different levelsof APAheadings.

Formatting definitionsDefinition of Terms For the purposes of this study, the following terms are defined. Information literacy. This phrase refers to a set of standards approved by … Outcomes. For the purposes of this applied dissertation, outcome refers to …. Assessment. This term refers to …

This is not numbered so do not use a colon.

Note bolding and period after word or phrase being defined when using Level 3 format. Use complete sentence(s) for the definition of the term or phrase.

Italicized -- APA, p. 91

Level 2

Level 3

Formatting research questionsMethod

The methodology of this applied dissertation followed the following three steps:

1. The sample and participants were identified. ….

2. Assessment measures were selected….

3. Implementation took place over a period of one school year….

Paragraph seriation – Indented. The second line wraps back to margin. APA manual, pp. 63-64

Numbered list for conclusions, steps in a process, chronology,or priority.

The arabic numerals followed by

a period.

Paragraph Seriation

The ACRL Information Literacy Comprehensive Standards address the ability of students (a) to determine the nature and extent of the information need, (b) to access information efficiently and accurately, and (c) to evaluate information critically.

Items are not indented. Use lowercase letters in parentheses. Do not italicize.

A colon is not used when the list is not numbered

Seriation for items in a sentence or paragraph APA, p. 64Seriation in paragraph

The ACRL Information Literacy Comprehensive Standards address the ability of students (a) to determine the nature and extent of the information need, (b) to access information efficiently and accurately, and (c) to evaluate information critically.

Use commas to separate 3 or more elements. If there are no internal commas, use commas. If there are internal commas, use semicolons.

Seriation in paragraph

Appendices

• Must have correct margins andall pages in appendices must be numbered

• Each appendix must have an individual cover page

• Do not include any appendices that are not mentioned in the text

• Do not include IRB information

• If there is only one appendix, just use Appendix, not Appendix A

Slang vs Key or Linguistic Term

• The students felt “slammed” by the email.

• The term school media specialist is defined in this study to include only librarians with MLS degrees and state certification.

• The letter b was used to …

Use quotation marks for slang, coined, or ironic terms. p. 91

Italicize linguistic examples and technical or key terms. p. 91

Abbreviations and acronyms

Abbreviations and Acronyms:

Use sparingly

Parenthetical Nonparenthetical (in the text)Use Latin Use English(e.g., ) for example, (i.e., ) that is,(, etc. ) , and so forth

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)Nova Southeastern University (NSU)

• Spell out first time• Must abbreviate thereafter

APA, pp. 106-111

Statistical Abbreviations and Symbols

• Use standard typeface for Greek letters, subscripts, superscripts, and abbreviations that function as identifiers, not variables.

sin, log, β

• Symbols for vectors and matrices are bolded.

V, ∑

APA manual, p. 118

Statistical Abbreviations and Symbols

• Italicize letters used as statistical symbols: f – frequency Mdn – median

n – number in a subsample N – number in a sample

p – probability P – percentage, percentile t – computed value for t test

APA manual, pp. 119-121

• Use figures for numbers 10 and above: 343 students in 26 classes

• The numbers between one and nine should be spelled out: A total of six experiments went awry.

Numbers: See APA pp. 111-114

• Use figures for all times – years, months, days, hours, minutes

The teachers take 3 hours to complete the work. 3 months ago 2 weeks later 11:30 a.m.

• Numbers representing dates, age, exact sums of money April 16, 2007 2-year-olds reimbursed $5

• Exception --Use word when a number is the first word in the sentence.

Two hours is more than enough time.

Numbers: See APA pp. 111-114

• Numbers denoting a specific place in a series, book, or table Table 5Session 3Grade 7

• Percentages, fractions, ratios, percentiles, quartilesTwenty-four percent replied but 76% did not.

Numbers, cont.

More exceptions:

APA manual, pp. 111-114

• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)

• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f)

butIn 12th grade, the students …

• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f)

butIn 12th grade, the students …

(Note: Do NOT use superscript -- 12th grade)

• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f)

butIn 12th grade, the students …

(Note: Do NOT use superscript -- 12th grade)

Twelfth grade presents….

• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f)

butIn 12th grade, the students …

(Note: Do NOT use superscript -- 12th grade)

Twelfth grade presents….• The first-grade students …

(hyphenated compound adjective APA, p. 91) but

The 12th-grade students (APA p. 128, 3.45)

1. Tenth-grade students ate in the cafeteria. or2. 10th-grade students ate in the cafeteria.

1. The seventh grade went on a field trip. or2. The 7th grade went on a field trip.

1. Students in Grades 4 and 5 took the test. or2. Students in grades 4 and 5 took the test. or3. Students in grades four and five took the test.

Compound Adjectives

• Role playing• High anxiety• Seventh grade

• Role-playing technique• High-anxiety situations• Seventh-grade students

but

• Type II error• Post hoc comparisons• randomly assigned participants

APA manual, pp. 98 - 100

Commas

• Between independent clauses:

Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.

Use commas:

APA (6th ed.), pp. 88-89

Commas

• Between independent clauses:

Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.• Series of three or more

Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money.

Use commas:

APA (6th ed.), pp. 78-79

Commas

• Between independent clauses:

Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.• Series of three or more

Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money.• Nonessential or nonrestictive clauses

Direct TV, which is available in south Florida, offers some nice features.

Use commas:

APA (6th ed.), pp. 78-79

Commas

• Between independent clauses:

Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.• Series of three or more

Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money.• Nonessential or nonrestictive clauses

Direct TV, which is available in south Florida, offers some nice features.

Use commas:

But:

• Comma are not used to separate a compound predicate Jane baked a cake and worked on her homework.

APA (6th ed.), pp. 78-79

Rules for Capitalizing Titles

• Article title:– In text: The article entitled “An Assessment of the Reading Skills of

Inner-City Students” settled the question about appropriate techniques.– In reference citation: Smith, D. (1999). An assessment of reading skills of inner-city

students. The Reading Teacher, 14(3), 45-46.• Book title:

– In text: The book, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, is a modern classic.

– In reference citation: Gibbon, E. (1963). The decline and fall of the Roman Empire. New

York: Dell.

APA manual, p. 101

Capitalize all words of four letters or more as well as verbs in text but not reference list.

Capitalize first word after a hyphen in text title but not in reference list.

Capitalizing Proper Names of School/ University Departments and Courses

• Department of Education, Valparaiso University

• Doctoral Studies Orientation 8000

• Educational Assessment 101

APA manual, pp. 96-97

Proper names

Capitalizing Proper Names of School/ University Departments and Courses

• Department of Education, Valparaiso University

• Doctoral Studies Orientation 8000

• Educational Assessment 101

but

• an education department

• a doctoral orientation

• an educational assessment course

APA manual, p. 102

Trade names

Other Proper Names

• In the third week, the class will be…but

• In Week 3, the class will be …

• In the second chapter, read the section …but

• In Chapter 2, read the section on ….

The principal stated, “Instructors may or may not want to require an abstract for class

assignments” (Tunon, 2006, p. 34), but she concluded that they always summarized

the essential content of the paper.

In midsentence

Block quote

Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learning how to

use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Tunon (2006) found the following:

Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book, journal, … or report when used in the body of the paper.  Use a shot [sic] title in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical titles like books and book titles have all the important words capitalized in the text citations, but these same book titles do not have all the important words capitalized in the reference list. (p. 342)

Formatting for Direct Quotes:

Tunon (2006) found that “instructors may or may not want to require an abstract for class

assignments” (p. 34).

At end of a sentence

Use a colon if there is a complete introductory phrase.

quotes

Citing direct quotes

See APA manual, pp. 92, 171-173.

When Citing Direct Quotes

“… victims of emotional abuse” (O’Higgins, 2004, p. 237) . Vest (2008) reported that "empirical research verified compliance" (p. 48).

in a definition (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 2001, p. 346).

Text Cites of Electronic Resources

In another case, Scanlon, Gallego, Duran, and Reyes (2005) found that the results should be “based on assumptions that individuals are capable of self-directed and self-initiated learning” (Methods section, para. 7).

“The qualitative research methods discussed by Durango were challenged by Bambang and Totonumu” (Pival,Falcao, & Quinlan, 2009, “Problems with Qualitative Resarch,” para. 5).

See APA (6th ed.), p. 172

Use name of section.

Use shortened title in quotation marks.

Paraphrasing

• To avoid plagiarizing, express other people’s ideas, theories, and research in your own words.

• You still must give credit to the author(s) by citing the source using author-date of publication method.

• Self-plagiarism.

Paraphrasing

“Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education reform of federal education policy in decades. NCLB laid the groundwork for education reforms and the president’s attempt to strengthen America’s education system” (Smith, 2004, p. 212).

When the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act was signed into law in January of 2002 by President Bush, the law provided the most sweeping education reform in the United States in decades and provided a foundation for strengthening educational policy at the national level for years to come (Smith, 2004).

Direct quote

Paraphrased

More than 50% reworded

APA manual, p. 349

46% of Paper Plagiarized Found UsingTurnitin

• Researchers have noted adjustment problems during a rising ninth grader’s transition period. The rising ninth graders’ grade point averages and attendance tend to decrease. The upcoming freshman experience feelings of connectedness, and co-curricular participation. They also experience an increase in anxiety concerning school procedures and older students, social difficulties. So far, transition programs have varied widely within schools, and designs range from a one-day overview of a new school to a full school year of career-focused curriculum. Although the scope of research varies as much as the programs themselves, several important aspects have been emphasized, and it is apparent that longer-term comprehensive transition programming can be beneficial. Dropout There is a high school dropout epidemic in America. Each year, almost one-third of all public high school students – and nearly one-half of all blacks, Hispanics and Native Americans – fail to graduate from public high school (Bridgeland, Dilulio, Jr., and Morison, 2006). The most common reasons for dropping out of high school are attitude towards school, poor school performance, and poor relationship with teachers. Dropouts also had lower academic performance, decreased motivation, and an increased sense of alienation from the school environment (Lan & Lanthier, 2003). Research also revealed that high school students often consider the social organizational changes and academic work as the most difficult part of transition (Akos, 2004).

Words in red were taken

verbatim from a second source.

The original idea was from Lan & Lanthier, but the source of this “paraphrase” was not

cited. Only a few

words were paraphrased.

Words in blue were taken

verbatim from one source.

(Lan & Lanthier, 2003).

Basic Citation StylesCitations in text:Quinlan, Jones, Byron, and Montgomery (2008) statedQuinlan et al. (2008) observed (et al. is used after first use when there are three or more authors)

Parenthetical citations in text:(Quinlan, Jones, Byron, & Montgomery, 2008) (Quinlan et al., 2008)

One work by six or more authors:Wienhorst et al. (2009)(Wienhorst et al., 2009)

See APA manual, p. 177

Always use et al. for six or more authors.

Groups as Authors

First citation in text:American Psychological Association (APA, 2009) stated…Subsequent citations in text:APA (2009) observed…

Parenthetical citations in text:(American Psychological Association [APA], 2009) (APA, 2008)

NOTE: Always use abbreviation after it is introduced in the text. Do not switch back and forth between the full name and the abbreviation.

See APA manual, pp. 106-107 for abbreviations, p. 177 for group authors

American Psychological Association (APA) was founded in…

Groups as Authors

First citation in text:American Psychological Association (APA, 2009) stated…Subsequent citations in text:APA (2008) observed…

Parenthetical format, first and subsequent citations:(American Psychological Association [APA], 2009) (APA, 2008)

NOTE: Always use abbreviation after it is introduced in the text. Do not switch back and forth between the full name and the abbreviation.

See APA manual, p. 177

American Psychological Association (APA) was founded in…

A couple of experiments (Jordan, 2004, 2007) found….

A couple experiments (Eifrig & Gehring, 1976; Skinner, 1956) found....

Several studies (Department of Defense, 2002, 2008, in press-a; Smith & Jones, 2009a, 2009b)

See APA manual, pp. 176-178.

Citing Several Resources Within Same Parentheses

Citing sevral resources

Secondary Sources

Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993) …

Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993.) Models of reading aloud. Psychological Review, 100(5), 589-608.

Text citation:

List the primary source in the reference list entry:

Formatting Reference List Citations

Eight or More Authors in Reference List

Zapeta, L., Ramirez, L., Jones, K., Smith, R.

Bardeen, E., Stonebraker, M. B., … Obata, H. (2007). The greening of America. Journal of Environmental Studies, 12(4), 43-47.

See APA manual, pp. 184, 198

When you have eight or more authors, list the first six authors’ names and then insert three ellipses, followed by the last author’s name.

…

Spacing after Punctuation:Use the find and replace feature

Students’ scores

improved. The study

demonstrated that …

Brown, J. D. (2003). Pitfalls of formatting. Reading Teacher, 24(3), 22-24.

Exception: Hyphenated initials

Smith, E.-R. (2009).

Magazines, Newsletters, and Newspapers: Formatted Differently Than Journals

Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers. Science, 20, 1113-1120.

The new health-care lexicon. (1993, Spring). Copy Editor, 4, 1-2.

New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.

Newspaper

See APA manual, p. 200

Digital Object Identifiers (DOI)

How to find a DOI for an article?

Ingham, R. J., Warner, A., Byrd, A., & Cotton, J. (2006). Speech effort measurement and stuttering: Investigating the chorus reading effect. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49(3), 660-670.

Coming soon! DOI lookup tool

Reference with a DOI

Ingham, R. J., Warner, A., Byrd, A., & Cotton, J. (2006). Speech effort measurement and stuttering: Investigating the chorus reading effect. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49(3), 660-670. doi:10.1044/1092

-4388(2006/048)

Article and Book with Assigned DOIs

Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(5), 443-449. doi:10.1037 /0002-9432.76.4.482

Schaeffer, A. (2009). Life in the fast lane. doi:10.2312/ 2342113949

• No URL is needed because the DOI functions as both a unique identifier of the content and a link to the content.• No location or publisher is included for an electronic version of a book.

When to Use Retrieval Statements:

• If there is no DOI, then ask:

• Was it obtained from an open access source orcan you provide URL?

Compare two formatsBorman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory

experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 43-49. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482

Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 43-49.

Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 43-49. Retrieved from http://ojs.swin.edu.au /index.php/ejap/article/view/71/100

DOI available

Exact URL for open access journal

From a subscription database, no DOI (FSEHS recommendation)

In-Press Article and Advance Online Publication

Clark, K. F. (in press). What can I say besides “sound it out”? Coaching word recognition in beginning reading. The Reading Teacher. Retrieved from http://rtprints.org/2009/1/clark.pdf

• Use (in press) when the article is not yet officially published. Use Advance online publication when it has not been formatted for final production.• Use the exact URL when the article is informally published and available through a preprint archive . • Update the reference with the final version of the reference when finally published. APA (6th ed.) pp. 199-200

Clark, K. F. (2009). What can I say besides “sound it out”? Coaching word recognition in beginning reading. The Reading Teacher. Advance online publication. doi:10.2134/palgrave .jnro.231623

Unpublished Dissertations(Such as NSU MARPs and Practicums)

Batson-George, A. (2008). Evaluating the library training programs for graduate psychology students (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL.

• Identify unpublished dissertation or theses in parentheses after title.

APA (6th ed.) pp. 207-208

DAI – vol.#, issue #, p. #, etcDissertation from a Commercial Database:

ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database

APA (6th ed.) p. 208

• If the dissertation is available through PD&T, give the accession number in parentheses at the end of the reference.• Use (UMI No. 9934633) Do not put a period after the number.

Published dissertation citation –5th ed.

Clarke, D. C. (2001). Differences in student dropout rate, attendance rate,

and grade point average after the implementation of the North Carolina

Dropout Prevention/Drivers License Law (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 45689011)

• ProQuest Dissertations and Theses is a commercial database so include (Doctoral dissertation) in parentheses after the dissertation title. • Use Available from since the name of the database is provided where the document can be obtained. • Use (UMI No. XXXXXXXX) instead of (AAT XXXXXXXX).

Dissertation Obtained from PD&T

APA manual, p. 208, # 40

Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. The New York Times. Retrieved http://www .nytimes.com/

No period after Web addresses.

Online Newspaper Citation:“Give the URL of the home page when the online version of the article is available by search to avoid nonworking URLs” (APA, 2009, p. 201) .

Break URLs after slash or before period. (APA, p. 271) Before most punctuation (APA p. 192)

Electronic-Only BookPeltier-Davis, C., & Renwick, S. (Eds.) (2007).

Caribbean libraries in the 21st century

[Monograph]. Retrieved from http://www .infotoday .com/1212.html

Include http:// in the URL and remove hyperlink.Do not use superscript for 21st Use [Monograph] to clarify the type of resource. Use “Retrieved from” instead of “Available from”when the URL leads to information to the material itself rather than on how to obtain the cited material.

Archival Documents

• Discontinued journals, monographs, dissertations, or papers not formally published.

• If you cannot easily located through primary publishing channels, give the home or entry page URL for online archives such as ERIC and JSTOR.

APA (6th ed.), p. 192

ERIC Report

Boone, Young, & Associates. (1984). Minority enrollment in graduate and professional schools: Recruitment, admissions, financial assistance [Handbook]. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED396652)

ERIC Citation

Data Sets

U.S. Department of Education, Institution of Education Sciences, National Center for Educational Statistics. (2008). Profiles of undergraduates in U.S. postsecondary institutions [Data file]. Retrieved from http://nces.ed .gov/globallocator/col_info _popup.asp?ID=136215

• Italicize the title of a data set.• In brackets immediately after the title, identify the type of source – [Data file].

APA manual, pp. 210-211

Software

NVivo 8, SPSS, Excel -- proper name of standard software is only referenced in text.

APA (6th ed.), pp. 210-211

Tunon, J. (2007). Citation analyzer [Computer

software]. Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL.

• The name of the computer is not italicized. • Put [Computer software] in brackets.• If it is not published, then it needs to be cited in the reference list.

Measurement Instrument

APA (6th ed.), pp. 210-211

Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2002). Multifactor Leadership Inventory. Published instrument. Available from http://www.mindgarden.com/

Malkasian, C. (2007). Malkasian Information Literacy Scale. Unpublished instrument. Available from http://www.nova.edu/malkasian/

• Do not italicize the names of software, programs, or languages.• Use Unpublished instrument.

Unpublished instrument

Published instrument

Ahah! What about using citation software?

Refere

nces

Citati

on for

mat?

• https://www.nova.edu/common-lib/ISI/

• http://www.nova.edu/library/dils/tutorials/endnote/

EndNote X2

No Short Cut for Learning the APA Rules

Still confused? You can call your North Miami Beach Librarian at

(800) 541-6682 ext. 28423 or email lucio@nova.edu

Still confused?

Recommendation:Hire an Editor for Final Review

dissertation

Considerations for Selecting an Editor:

• The university does not assume responsibility for a student's contractual agreement with a private editor or typist or for the quality of the editor's or typist's work.

• Fully communicate with editor about the services included, turn-around time, and costs.

• Don’t send your only copy of manuscript to the editor.

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