Cell Organisation

Hasimah bt Azit

How this organism:How this organism:

Move?Move? Do respiration?Do respiration? Respond to stimuli?Respond to stimuli? Controls and regulates water ?Controls and regulates water ? Reproduce? Reproduce?

They have a lot of cells !!

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization ChemicalChemical CellularCellular TissueTissue OrgansOrgans Organ SystemOrgan System OrganismOrganism

All the tissues are same in the All the tissues are same in the beginning!beginning!

They differentiate to fit their function They differentiate to fit their function in the organismin the organism

They undergo specialisation in order They undergo specialisation in order to perform their tasks more to perform their tasks more efficiently efficiently

The Origin of TissuesThe Origin of Tissues

Morula

Blastula

Gastrula

Differentiate between primary tissues and embryonic germ layers.

4 Basic Tissues Types4 Basic Tissues Types

EpithelialEpithelial ConnectiveConnective MuscleMuscle NervousNervous

Epithelial Tissue --Epithelial Tissue -- General Features General Features

Cover surfaces, line cavities and form glandsCover surfaces, line cavities and form glands Name one multicellular gland formed by epithelial tissue.Name one multicellular gland formed by epithelial tissue.Attached to underlying connective tissue by a basement Attached to underlying connective tissue by a basement

membranemembrane

AvascularAvascular---without blood vessels---without blood vessels nutrients diffuse in from blood vessels in underlying nutrients diffuse in from blood vessels in underlying

connective tissueconnective tissue What does this mean for especially thick epithelia?What does this mean for especially thick epithelia?

Good nerve supplyGood nerve supply Rapid cell division; responsive to environmental Rapid cell division; responsive to environmental

stressesstresses Named according to the Named according to the shapeshape and and arrangementarrangement of of

cellscells List the general functions of epithelial tissues.List the general functions of epithelial tissues.

Connective TissuesConnective Tissues

Cells rarely touch due to usually large Cells rarely touch due to usually large amount of intercellular material (extra amount of intercellular material (extra cellular cellular matrixmatrix))

Matrix(fibers & ground substance) Matrix(fibers & ground substance) secreted by cellssecreted by cells

Consistency varies from liquid or gel to Consistency varies from liquid or gel to solidsolid

Function is to support, connect, protect Function is to support, connect, protect and insulateand insulate

Good nerve & blood supply except Good nerve & blood supply except cartilage & tendonscartilage & tendons

What are the three major cell types often found in connective tissues, and what are their functions?

Areolar c.t.

Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue

Peripheral nuclei due to large fat storage dropletPeripheral nuclei due to large fat storage droplet Deeper layer of skin, organ padding, yellow marrowDeeper layer of skin, organ padding, yellow marrow Reduces heat loss, energy storage, protectionReduces heat loss, energy storage, protection

Bones

Blood

Muscle

Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle

Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle

Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle

Nervous tissuesNervous tissues

Organs Organs

Two or more types of tissues working Two or more types of tissues working together to perform a particular together to perform a particular functionfunction

Examples:Examples:

Kidney Brain

Lung

SystemsSystems

Several organs that works together Several organs that works together

Tissues Tissues

2 main types:2 main types: Meristematic:Meristematic:

Cambium – actively dividing cellsCambium – actively dividing cells Permanent :Permanent :

Epidermal:Epidermal: outmost layer of cells – cover outmost layer of cells – cover leaves, leaves, stems and roots. Protective stems and roots. Protective tissues.tissues.

Ground:(cortex) Ground:(cortex) ParenchymaParenchyma CollenchymaCollenchyma Sclerenchyma Sclerenchyma

Vascular:Vascular: Xylem Xylem phloemphloem

Meristematic tissues

Root Apical Meristem

Epidermal

Ground tissueGround tissue

ParenchymaCollenchyma

Sclerenchyma

Vascular tissue Vascular tissue

transportation of water and transportation of water and minerals from the roots to shoot minerals from the roots to shoot systems systems

Transportation food that is Transportation food that is synthesized in leaves to whole synthesized in leaves to whole plant.plant.

Organs Organs

Systems Systems

Regulating internal Regulating internal environmentenvironment

By Hasimah Azit

The Boundary Organ ConceptThe Boundary Organ Concept

What is internal environment?What is internal environment?

Consists of:Consists of: Interstitial fluidInterstitial fluid Blood plasmaBlood plasma

Our cells surrounding

The necessity to maintain optimal internal The necessity to maintain optimal internal environment so that cells can function environment so that cells can function optimally optimally

Internal factors :Internal factors : Physical:Physical:

TemperatureTemperature Blood pressureBlood pressure Osmotic pressureOsmotic pressure

Chemical:Chemical: SaltSalt SugarSugar pHpH

The process to regulate and maintain internal environment >>>>HOMEOSTASIS

HomeostasisHomeostasis of Body Fluids of Body Fluids

Separation of fluid Separation of fluid compartmentscompartments intracellular fluid (ICF) = within cells = intracellular fluid (ICF) = within cells =

cytoplasmcytoplasm extracellular fluid (ECF) = outside cellsextracellular fluid (ECF) = outside cells

intercellular fluid = tissue fluid = interstitial fluidintercellular fluid = tissue fluid = interstitial fluid plasma = fluid portion of bloodplasma = fluid portion of blood

Composition of fluids change as substances Composition of fluids change as substances move between move between compartmentscompartments nutrients, oxygen, ions and wastes move nutrients, oxygen, ions and wastes move

in both directions across capillary wallsin both directions across capillary walls

How is this (homeostasis) How is this (homeostasis) controlled?controlled?

Components of Feedback LoopComponents of Feedback Loop Receptor Receptor

monitors a controlled monitors a controlled conditioncondition

Control centerControl center determines next actiondetermines next action

EffectorEffector receives directions from receives directions from

the control centerthe control center produces a response that produces a response that

changes the controlled changes the controlled conditioncondition

Eg. Homeostasis of Blood PressureEg. Homeostasis of Blood Pressure Pressure receptors in walls of Pressure receptors in walls of

certain arteries detect an certain arteries detect an increase in BPincrease in BP blood Pressure = force of blood Pressure = force of

blood on walls of vesselsblood on walls of vessels Brain receives input and Brain receives input and

signals heart and blood vesselssignals heart and blood vessels Heart rate slows and arterioles Heart rate slows and arterioles

dilate (increase in diameter)dilate (increase in diameter) BP returns to normalBP returns to normal

Uniqueness of cellsUniqueness of cells

Why these cells are so unique?Why these cells are so unique?

They can perform their function They can perform their function optimally!optimally!

Red blood cell – without nucleus – Red blood cell – without nucleus – they have a lot of spaces for they have a lot of spaces for hemoglobin so a lot of oxygen can be hemoglobin so a lot of oxygen can be carried. carried.

Bone – they have calcium Bone – they have calcium