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Friday 13, 2010.

SAFETY ?????

During the last two decades, accidents caused by different factors has called the attention from the maritime world. That´s why, after a few maritime disasters people and companies related to this arena, have focused their attention on the causes of these accidents in order to avoid them and this has resulted in a great emphasis on safety in navigation.

2Edilma C. de Llorente

Objectives General Objectives: To give students wide-ranging opportunities

to practice communicating in English for both, maritime and general purposes.

Specific Objectives: To describe weather conditions and

understand forecasts. To identify various incidents at sea. To demonstrate understanding of safety

factors in order to avoid accidents at sea.

The Weather It´s determined by

various meteorological elements.

TemperatureHumidityCloudinessFogPrecipitationWind

But...what is the weather?

The weather is the condition of the atmosphere at any particular time and place.

The meterological elements such as temperature, humidity, cloudiness, fog and wind, may be referred to as the weather.

Meteorological Elements

TEMPERATURE:Scientifically use Kelvin-scale.Commonly uses Celsius-scale.Obsolete Fahrenheit-scale.

HUMIDITY:Amount of water vapor in the air.Maximum amount of moisture is known as saturation.

Meteorological ElementsCLOUDINESS:

Indicates a imminent changes of weather.Types of clouds: cirrus, stratus and cumulus.

FOG:Cloud that touches the ground.Dense fog are referred as thick weather.7Edilma C. de Llorente

Meteorological ElementsPRECIPITATION:

Formed when the droplets has become sufficiently large to fall to the ground.

WIND:Most important factor.Determined the condition of weather.

The atmospheric Pressure It is measured by the

height of a column of mercury or with an aneroid barometer.

The average atmospheric pressure at sea level in millibars is 1.013 in winter and 1.016 in summer. 9Edilma C. de Llorente

The Weather Systems There are two

main weather systems in the general weather patterns:

1. The anticyclones and,

2. The depressions or cyclones.

AnticyclonesA High-Pressure Area

• In the northern hemisphere an anticyclone is a system of wind wich circulates spirally in a clockwise direction around an area of high pressure.

• In the southern hemisphere anticyclonic wind circulates in an anti-clockwise direction, thoug still around a high pressure area.

Depressions or Cyclones

A Low Pressure Area

In a bad-weather system, the wind blows in an anti-clockwise direction about a centre of low pressure in the northern hemisphere; and in a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere.

Tropical Cyclones

The Beaufort-scale

Wind forces are indicated by the Beaufort-scale used for describing wind speed based mainly on observed sea conditions.

These numbers, ranging from zero (calm) to force 12 (storm), and it refers to the wind speed measured in nautical miles per hour.

Application of the Beaufort Scale

EXAMPLES

Maritime Accidents

These maritime accidents have consecuences such as:

Catastrophicconsecuences

Major consecuences

Maritime Accidents

Moderateconsecuences

Minorconsecuences

Types of Accidents

Sinking

Collision Grounding

Environmental Pollution

Safety factors Internal Factors

External Factors

Human Factors

DON´T FORGET…...

To be safety at sea, is of great importance to navigators to follow these steps:

Do a voyage planning before leaving the port

Evaluate the weather conditions of the area you´ll be travelling through.

Work as a team while at sea. Take into consideration all the safety

factors you need to follow in order to be safety at sea.

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