Chapter5 Meaning of Freedom Chapter 16 Gilded aged Chapter 17 &18

CHAPTER 15,16,17, &18:CLASS NOTES

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CHAPTER 15MEANING OF FREEDOM

1861-1865 CIVIL WAR

• 11 STATES CSA

• UNION RETAIN THOSE STATES

• TWO SIDE OF THE WAR:

• CSA

• UNION

BEFORE THE WAR• POL-US

• /STATE-LEADERS

• ECONOMY-PAPER MONEY

• CROPS

• LABOR

• SOCIAL-HIERARCHY

AFTER THE WAR• SAME

HIERARCHY

• HIERARCHY= GREAT CHAIN OF BEING

• GOD

• ANGELS

• MAN

• ANIMALS

WHO IS GOING TO MAKE THE DECISION?

• UNION

• GOVERNS

• MILITARY

• CONGRESS

• PRESIDENT

• PEOPLE

• SUPREME COURT

WHAT DECISION TO MAKE?• DO CSA STATES GET BACK IN THE U.S. ?

• ARE THEY PUNISHED?

• ARE THE LEADERS PUNISHED?

• WHO BECOMES LEADER OF THE CSA?

• NEW BOUNDARIES?

• WHO GETS TO VOTE?

• WHO HOLD OFFICE:?

• NEW STATE CONSTITUTION

• WHO WRITES THEM?

• WAR DEBT?

• HOW DO YOU RESTART THE SOUTH ECONOMY?

RECONSTRUCTION

• 1865-1877

• PERIOD DURING WHICH THE U.S. BEGAN TO REBUILD AFTER THE CIVIL WAR AND INCLUDED THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT READMITTED FORMER CONFEDERATE STATES

• MAIN IDEA

• RADICAL REPUBLICANS IN CONGRESS OPPOSED ABRAHAM LINCOLN’S AND ANDREW JOHNSON’S PLANS FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND INSTEAD IMPLEMENTED ITS OWN PLAN TO REBUILD THE SOUTH AFTER THE CIVIL WAR

IDEA OF RECONSTRUCTION

• JULY 1863

• TWO BATTLES

• GETTYSBURG JULY 1, JULY 2, AND JULY 3

• VICKSBURG JULY 4

• VICKSBURG OPENS UP CONTROL OF THE MISSISSIPPI

• ALLOWS NORTH TO CONTROL THE STATS ON BOTH SIDE OF THE RIVER

• THADDEUS STEVEN

• RADICAL REPUBLICAN

• LINCOLN=PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON= VICE PRESIDENT

1864-1865

• 10% PLAN- PEOPLE WHO PLEDGE/PLEDE TO THE UNION

• RADICAL REPUBLICAN: CHARLES SUMMER

• LEE SURRENDER APRIL 9, 1865

• LINCOLN’S DEATH ON THE MORNING OF APRIL 15,1865; CHANGES EVERYTHING

• WADE-DAVIS BILL: 50%

• WAS POCKET VETO

• CONTROL WHO CAN VOTE AND WHO CAN HOLD OFFICE

10% PLAN

• PROCLAMATION OF AMNESTY AND RECONSTRUCTION (DECEMBER 8, 1863)

• REPLACE MAJORITY RULE WITH “LOYAL RULE” IN THE SOUTH.

• HE DIDN’T CONSULT CONGRESS REGARDING RECONSTRUCTION.

• PARDON TO ALL BUT THE HIGHEST RANKING MILITARY AND CIVILIAN CONFEDERATE OFFICERS.

• WHEN 10% OF THE VOTING POPULATION IN THE 1860 ELECTION HAD TAKEN AN OATH OF LOYALTY AND ESTABLISHED A GOVERNMENT, IT WOULD BE RECOGNIZED.

• TENNESSEE, ARKANSAS, AND LOUISIANA FORMED GOVERNMENTS UNDER THIS PLAN, BUT CONGRESS DID NOT RECOGNIZE. THEIR VOTES DID NOT COUNT FOR PRESIDENT IN 1864.

WADE-DAVIS BILL

• REQUIRED 50% OF THE NUMBER OF 1860 VOTERS TO TAKE AN “IRON CLAD” OATH OF ALLEGIANCE (SWEARING THEY HAD NEVER VOLUNTARILY AIDED THE REBELLION). SENATOR

• REQUIRED A STATE CONSTITUTIONAL CONGRESSMAN BENJAMIN CONVENTION BEFORE THE ELECTION HENRY WADE W. DAVIS (R-OH) OF STATE OFFICIALS. (R-MD)

• ENACTED SPECIFIC SAFEGUARDS OF FREEDMEN’S LIBERTIES

• “IRON-CLAD” OATH.

• “STATE SUICIDE” THEORY [MA SENATOR CHARLES SUMNER]

1865-1866

• 13TH AMENDMENT PASS AND RATIFIED

• CONGRESSIONAL PLAN FOR RECONSTRUCTION

• LED BY RADICAL REPUBLICANS

• CHARLES SUMMER

• THADDEUS STEVEN

THADDEUS STEVEN

• 1792-1868

• REGARDED THE SECEDED STATES AS “CONQUERED PROVINCES,” PROMOTED MUCH OF THE MAJOR RECONSTRUCTION LEGISLATION

• THE 14TH AMENDMENT RECONSTRUCTION, HE SAID, “MUST REVOLUTIONIZE SOUTHERN INSTITUTIONS HABITS, AND MANNERS… THE FOUNDATION OF THEIR INSTITUTIONS,,, MUST BE BROKEN UP AND RELAID OR ALL OUR BLOOD AND TREASURE HAVE BEEN SPEND IN VAIN.”

MILITARY RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867

• LAY OUT PARTS OF THE 14TH AMENDMENT

• STATES HAD TO WRITE A NEW CONSTITUTION

• MAKES THE SOUTH VOTE YES TO RATIFIED THE CONSTITUTION

SATES CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS

• FREEDMEN; NORTHERN TRANSPLANTS

• PUBLIC SCHOOLS

• AND FOR ORPHANS, THE BLIND, OTHER DISABLITIES

US GRANT

• MARCH 1869 INAUGURATION

• MIX BAG WITH RECONSTRUCTION

• LAW PASS FOR EQUAL RIGHTS BUT NO ENFORCE

• PRESIDENT

• SCANDALS

US GRANT SCANDALS

• CREDIT MOBILIZER

• DRINKING PROBLEMS

• MESS UP GOVERNMENT UNDER HIS WATCH

IMPEACHMENT AND ULYSSES S. GRANT

• TO DEMONSTRATE HIS DISLIKE FOR THE TENURE OF OFFICE ACT, JOHNSON REMOVED THE SECRETARY OF WAR FROM OFFICE IN 1868.

• JOHNSON WAS IMPEACHED AND THE SENATE FELL ONE VOTE SHORT FROM REMOVING HIM FROM OFFICE.

ELECTION 1876

• TILDEN VS. HAYES

• HAYES 186 ELECTORAL VOTE

• TILDEN 165 ELECTORAL VOTE

• HAYES WON ELECTION

RUTHER B. HAYES

• REPUBLICAN

• GOVERNOR OF OHIO

• HE WAS THE 19TH PRESIDENT

• BORN ON OCT. 1822

• DIED JAM 1893

THE TWO EVILS: CHOOSE THE LEAST

TILDEN• DEMOCRATE

• NEW YORK

• GOT RID OF WILLIAM TWEED

HAYES• REPUBLICAN

• OHIO

• WON THE ELECTION

SPECIAL COMMITTEE:

7 DEMOCRATSJUSTICE DAVID

DAVIS• GETS THE LAST VOTE

• WAS ELECTED FOR THE SENATE BY THE STATE

• THIS THROWS HIM OUT FOR THE LAST SAY

7 REPUBLICAN

WILLIAM TWEED

• BIG BUSINESS MAN

SAMUEL TILDEN

• DEMARCATED

• GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK

• GOT RID OF WILLIAM TWEED

COMPRISES OF 1877

• TRADE PRESIDENT ELECTION FOR THE REMOVAL OF THE MILITARY IN THE SOUTH

SHARECROPPING

• LAND OWNERS ALLOWS FREEDMEN TO WORK ON THE LAND FOR A PERCENT OF THE CROPS

• WENT TO A PERCENTAGE TO A CERATE AMOUNT

• MANY AFRICAN-AMERICANS RENTED LAND FOR A SHARE OR PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL CROP PRODUCED

CHAPTER 16: GILDED AGE

• INDUSTRIALIZATION URBANIZATION REFORM

• REFORM IMPERIALISM IMMIGRATION WESTERN EXPANSION

INDUSTRIALIZATION

• FUEL

• FOR THE FACTORS IS STEAM

• RAW MATERIALS

• WORKERS

• MONEY

• AMPUTATION

• ENTREPREURS

• CAPITAL

• TRANSPORTATION

• LAZIER FAIRE

• NEW IDEA

THOMAS EDISON

• INCESSANT BULB

• WORK WITH LOW VOTARIES

• CAN ONLY GO A MILE LONG FOR POWER SOURCE

THOMAS EDISON

• THOMAS A, EDISON INVENTED THE INCANDESCENT LAMP (OR LIGHT BULB) WHICH COULD BE USED FOR BOTH STREET AND HOME LIGHTING

• EDISON AND OTHERS DESIGNED IMPROVED GENERATORS AND BUILT LARGE POWER PLANTS TO FURNISH ELECTRICITY TO WHOLE CITIES

TELSA

• WORK WITH WESHINGHOUSE

• WESHINGHOUSE

• AIR BAG FOR TRAINS TO BREAK OUT

EDISON• J.P. MORGAN

• HENNERY VILLARD

• GENERAL ELECTOR

• CON ED

TESLA• WESTINGHOUSE

• WESTINGHOUSE COMPANY

AUTO INDURATED

• HENERY FORD

• ASSEMBLY LINE

• 1903 FORD MOBILE COMPANY

• MODEL T

INDUSTRAL CHEMISTRY

• DUPOINT

• RUBBER

• TEXTILE FIBERS

• GLASS

TIRE COMPANY

• FIRESTONE: MAKES TIRES FOR FORD

• GOODYEAR

CORNELIUS VANDERBILT

• RAIL ROAD

• STANDARD GAUGE

• HAD SMALL PART WITH STEEL

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER

• STANDARD OIL COMPANY

• ESSO EXXON

ANDREW CARNEGIE

• STEEL

• BESSEMER PROCESS

• VERTICAL INTEGRATION

• NOT MONOPOLY

WILLIAM “BOSS” TWEED

• IN CHARGE OF A POLITICAL MACHINE

• MEET IN TAMMY HALL

• HE MADE MILLION OF DOLLARS AT ON TIME

• TAX PAIDER MONEY WENT INTO THIS SYSTEM

• BECAUSE IMMIGRATION DIDN’T KNOW ABOUT

• DUE TO LANGUAGE BARRIERS

WILLIAM M. TWEED

• KNOWN AS BOSS TWEED

• WAS HEAD OF THE TAMMANY HALL, NEW YORK CITY’S POWERFUL DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL MACHINE

• BETWEEN 1869-1871, HE LED THE TWEED RING OF CORRUPT POLITICIANS IN DEFRAUDING THE CITY

• CONVICTED OF 120 COUNTS OF FRAUD AND EXTORTION, HE WAS SENTENCED TO 12 YEARS IN JAIL, BUT RELEASED AFTER ONE. REARRESTED, HE ESCAPED TO SPAIN

THOMAS NAST

• DID POLITICAL CARTOONS

• CARTOONS

• HELP BREAKS THE LANGUAGE BARRIERS

• NAST GAVE US THE MODERN DAY SANTA CLAUS

• NAST BUG THING AT THIS TIME WAS POLITICAL CARTOON

• CORRUPTION OF POLITICS

1790S

• NATURALIZATION ACT

• HOW TO BECOME A CITIZEN

• 5 YRS. RESIDENT

• TEST

• CITIZEN OATH

NATIONAL LABOR UNION

• STARTS IN 1866

• JUST WANTED TO IMPROVE WORK CONDITION

• DIES OFF IN 1870S; DUE TO THE DEPRESS

KNIGHTS OF LABOR

• 1860

• GETS STRONGER IN 1870-1886

• TERRANCE POWERDELLY= RAN THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR

• FOUNDED IN 1869, THE FIRST NATIONAL UNION LASTED, UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF TERENCE V. POWDERLY, ONLY INTO THE 1890S: SUPPLANTED BY THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR

• 1880S WITNESS A NEW WAVE OF LABOR ORGANIZING

• KNIGHTS WERE THE FIRST GROUP TO TRY TO ORGANIZE UNSKILLED WORKERS AS WELL AS SKILLED, WOMEN ALONGSIDE MEN, AND BLACKS AS WELL AS WHITES

• GROUP REACH ITS PEAK MEMBERSHIP OF 800,000 IN 1886AND INVOLVED MILLIONS WORKERS IN STRIKES, BOYCOTTS, POLITICAL ACTION, AND EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES

• LABOR MOVEMENT LAUNCHED A SUSTAINED ASSAULT ON THE UNDERSTANDING OF FREEDOM GROUNDED IN SOCIAL DARWINISM AND LIBERTY OF CONTRACT

• JULY 4,1886, THE FEDERATED TRADES OF THE PACIFIC COAST REWROTE THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

1886

• KNIGHTS OF LABOR DIES OFF

• HAYMARKET SQUARE RIOT

• CHICAGO

• BIG COMPANY

• MCCORMICK

• WAS A STRIKE AGAINST MCCORMICK

• THEY MEET ON SUNDAY AT HAYMARKET SQUARE

• THEN MONDAY TO PROTEST FOR THE PEOPLE WHO GOT ARREST ON SUNDAY

AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR

• 1886

• SAMUEL GOMPERS IS THE FOUNDER

• HE WANTS SPECIFIC GOAL WITH BARRING

• NUMBER OF HOURS

• HOW MUCH YOU SHOULD MAKE

• BELIEVE STRIKES ARE THE LAST SOLUTION

1892 HOMESTEAD STEEL STRIKE

• ONE OF CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY

• WORKERS CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY WORKERS BEING ASK TO TAKE PAY CUTS

• THEY CLOSED THE MILL

• HAD PINKERTON GUARD TO PROTECT THE FACTORS

• HAD CONFLICT BETWEEN WORKERS AND PINKERTION GUARD

• WORKERS LOSE BECAUSE OF THE GOVERNMENT

• DUE TO PROPERTY DAMAGE

1894

• PULLMAN

• PULLMAN CARS

• CARS YOU CAN SLEEP IN

• AMERICAN RAILWAY UNION

• CREATE BY EUGENE V. DEBS

• HE WANTED EVERYONE TO WORK

CHAPTER 17: FREEDOM’S BOUNDARIES, AT HOME AND ABROAD

• GOLD RUSH WAS THE MAJOR EVENT THAT PUSH THE WESTERN EXPANSION

• 1849- CA GOLD RUSH

1859

• COMSTOCK LODE

• LODE

• LARGE AREA OF MINNERS

• SILVER

• VIRGINIA CITY, NV

• GOLD

• ROCKY MOUNTAIN RUSH

• LARGEST

• BLACK HILLS, SD

• LAST

HOMESTEAD ACT OF 1862

• ALLOWS PEOPLE TO MOVE WESTERN

• FREE LAND

• HAD TO IMPROVE THE LAND

• OCHERS

• FRAMERS RANCHERS

• ETC.

FREDRICK JACKSON TURNER

• FRONTIER THESIS

• WHY AMERICAN ARE THE WAY THEY ARE

• OPPURTIONIEST

• HARD WORK

• ANY ONE CAN MAKE IT

• SAFETY VALVE THESIS

• FRONTIER ACT AS A SAFETY VALVE

• SO, WE WON’T BE LIKE EUROPE OUTBREAK

• SUCH, AS RIOTS, PROTEST AND BOYSCOTT

ETHNOCENTRISM

• LOOKING AT THE WORLD FROM YOUR POINT OF VIEW OF RIGHT AND WRONG

• WHAT YOU THINK IS NORMAL

• US BEING BIAS FROM THE 20TH CENTURY

• HAPPENS ALL THE TIME

IDEA BASE OF ETHNOCENTRISM

• DIVIDE RIGHT

• CHOSEN ONE

• MANIFEST DESTINY

• GOT THE IDEA FROM WESTERN EXPANSION

• OUR HOB TO SPREADS OUR CULTURE

• NEGATIVE: MADE US LOOK CONDESCEND

• POSITIVE: WE HAVE TO SAVE THESE PEOPLE (VIEW FROM THE CHRISTIAN STAND POINT)

IMPERIALISM

• WORLD TRADE

• INVESTMENT CAPITAL

• 1870 HAD NOTHING TO DO WITH INVESTMENT IN OVERSEAS

• EUROPEAN EXAMPLE

• WE ARE TRYING TO KEEP UP WITH THEM

• MISSIONARY PRESSURE

• NAVAL PRESSURE

• 1900S WE HAD THE 3RD POWERFUL NAVY

HAWAII

• IN NODDLE OF NOWHERE

• GREAT FOR COMMERCIAL SHIPS

• HAS ALONG HISTORY

• KAMEHAMEHA THE GREAT

• HAWAII EXPANDS NORTH AND SOUTH OF KUAU

• NOT JUST THE 7 ISLAND

• CAPTAIN HOOK (ENGLISH MAN) FOUND THE AREA

• 1800S HAWAII IS INDEPENDENT

LATIN AMERICAN POLICY

• LOT OF POLICY DEAL WITH RAW MARTIALS

• MONROE DOCTRINE CAME ABOUT

• PAN AMERICAN CONGRESS

• CONGRESS LIKE A BIG MEETING

CHAPTER 18: PROGRESSIVE ERA

PROGRESSIVE/REFORM MOVEMENT

• GOVERNMENT

• LOCAL

• STATE

• NATIONAL

• LIVING CONDITIONS

• WORKING CONDITIONS IN FACTORS

CITY LEVEL

• SPOIL SYSTEMS

• YOU SUPPORT SOMETHING IN POLITICS THEN YOU GAIN SOMETHING

• REWARD FOR YOUR SUPPORT SO YOU GET A JOB (AMERICA VIEW)

• CITY MANAGER

• COMMISSION SYSTEM

• SPECIFIC QUALIFICATION

STATE LEVEL

• ROBERT LAFOLLETTE-WISCONICENS

• WOODROW WILSON-NJ

• HIRAM JOHNSON-CA

• THEY DID SET UP DIRECT PRIMARY

• INITIATIVE

• ALLOW CITIZEN TO HAVE A SAY

• REFORM

• WHEN VOTERS IMPROVE/DENIN A LAW

• RECALL

• RECALL VARIES FROM STATE TO STATE

SPOIL SYSTEM

• 1883 PRENLENTON ACT/ CIVIL SERVICE ACT

• BASE ON MARITTS

• 3 MEN COMMISSION TO OVER SEE

• 1880S WOODROW WILSON

• WORKING CONDITIONS FACTORS

• MUCKRAKERS

• JUNGLE

• LIVING CONDITIONS

• JACOB RIIS

ROUGH PARAGRAPHS OF IMPORTANT PEOPLE & KEY

EVENTS

ANDREW CARNEGIE

• ANDREW CARNEGIE WAS A MAN WHO ESTABLISH A VERTICALLY INTEGRATED. THIS CAME ABOUT IN THE YEAR OF 1873. THE VERTICALLY INTEGRATED CONTROLLED EVERY PHASE OF THE BUSINESS FROM RAW MATERIALS TO TRANSPORTATION, O MANUFACTURING, AND DISTRIBUTION. HE MADE HIS NATIONAL STRIDE WITH THE STEEL COMPANY IN PITTSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA. BY THE 1890S, CARNEGIE HAD DOMINATED THE STEEL INDUSTRY. IN 1892, THE HOMESTEAD STEEL STRIKE BROKE OUT IN FRONT OF CARNEGIE’S COMPANY. THEY HIRE THE PINKERTON GUARD TO PROTECT THE PLANTATION FROM UNDER PAID WORKERS. LATER IN HIS LIFE HE WROTE THE GOSPEL OF WEALTH. THAT EXPLAINS WHY PEOPLE WITH MONEY CAN SURVIVE IN THIS WORLD.

JACOB RIIS

• IN 1890S, JACOB RIIS PUBLISHED A BOOK. THE BOOK CALLED “HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES”. THIS BOOK OFFERED INSIDE ACCOUNT OF THE LIVING CONDITIONS IN THE URBAN POOR. THERE ARE PICTURES OF THE RUN DOWN APARTMENTS. DESCRIBING HOW MANY FAMILIES LIVE IN THE ONE INTO ONE APARTMENT.

RUTHERFORD B. HAYES

• RUTHERFORD B. HAYES WAS URGED TO RUN FOR .GOVERNOR OF OHIO IN 1867. HE WAS NOMINATES BY THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. HAYES WON THE ELECTION BY A NARROW MARGIN. WAS SWORN IN A AS GOVERNOR ON JANUARY 1868. HAYES BECAME ACTIVE IN NATIONAL POLITICS AFTER HE WAS SWORN IN. DIDN’T HAVE MUCH POWER AS A GOVERNOR BUT, HE DID APPOINTED JUDGES AND MEMBERS OF BOARDS OF DIRECTORS FOR COLLEGES. IN THE ELECTION OF 1876, HAYES WAS NOMINEE BY THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. HE WON THE PRESIDENT ELECTION. BECOMING THE 19TH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. APRIL OF 1877, HE ORDERED ALL FEDERAL TROOPS OUT OF THE SOUTH; ENDING THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD.

ULYSSES S. GRANT

• ULYSSES S. GRANT WAS A GENERAL FOR THE NORTH IN THE CIVIL WAR. WHEN MARCH OF 1869, HE WAS INAUGURATE INTO OFFICE AS THE UNITED STATES PRESIDENT. GRANT WAS THE 18TH UNITED STATE PRESIDENT. HE HAD MIX EMOTIONS WHEN IT CAME TO THE RECONSTRUCTION PLAN. THERE WAS A LAW PASS WHILE HE WAS THE PRESIDENT, CALLED THE EQUAL RIGHT ACT. THIS WAS NOT ENFORCE DURING HIS TERM. AS THE PRESIDENT HE FACE MULTIPLY SCANDALS ISSUE. THE CREDIT MOBILIZER WAS BEING RUN UNDER HIS NOISE. GRANT HAD A DRINKING PROBLEM WHILE HE WAS IN OFFICE. EVERYONE THAT WAS IN HIS POLITICAL PARTY GROUP WHERE CALLED “WHISKEY RING”.

WILLIAM “BOSS” TWEED

• WILLIAM TWEED IS KNOWN AS “BOSS TWEED”. HE IS ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL POLITICAL BOSSES IN THE GILDED PERIOD. BECAME THE HEAD OF TAMMANY HALL, NEW YORK CITY. TWEED SWINDLED NEW YORK OUT A FORTUNE, WHEN HE HEADED OF TAMMANY HALL IN 1860 THROUGH 1870. WHERE ALL THE MONEY CORRUPTION HAPPENS AT. HE HAD A GROUP OF PEOPLE CALLED THE “TWEED RING”. THEY HELP HIM GAIN SO MUCH MONEY FOR THE GOVERNMENT. THOMAS NAST, WAS THE PERSON WHO BROUGHT DOWN WILLIAM TWEED.

KNIGHTS OF LABOR

• THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR WAS FOUNDED IN 1869. UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF TERENCE V. POWDERLY. THIS WAS THE FIRST GROUP TO ORGANIZE UNSKILLED WORKERS AS WELL AS SKILLED TOGETHER. PLUS, TO ORGANIZE MEN AND WOMEN WORKING TOGETHER. BETWEEN THE YEARS OF 1870S THREW 1886 IS WHERE THE K NIGHT OF LABOR HAD THE HIGHEST OF NUMBER OF MEMBERS. THE LABOR MOVEMENT LAUNCHED A SUSTAIN ASSAULT ON THE UNDERSTANDING OF FREEDOM IN SOCIAL DARWINISM AND THE LIBERTY OF CONTRACT. THEIR BIG BREAK THREW WAS IN JULY OF 1886, WHEN THE FEDERATED TRADES OF THE PACIFIC COAST REWROTE THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.