Designing with Tile

DESIGNING WITH TILE

presented by

International Masonry Institute

II. System components:

OUTLINE I. References

Substrates

Membranes

III. Movement control

V. New materials & technologies

IV. Coefficient of friction

VI. Installer qualifications

Setting materials

- LFT considerations

- Preparation

- Setting methods

- Mortar coverage

VII. Sustainability benefits

REFERENCES

ANSI A108/118/136 American National Standard Specification for the Installation of Ceramic Tile

ANSI A137.1-2008 American National Standard Specifications for Ceramic Tile

2013 TCNA Handbook for Ceramic, Glass, and Stone Tile Installation

SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Membranes

Setting materials

Substrates

- Walls

- Floors

SYSTEM COMPONENTS: TILE

1. Types of tile

Categories

Absorption

2. Design and construction implications

of large format tile (LFT)

Warpage

Lippage

Bonding pattern

Grout joint width

Substrate preparation

TYPES OF TILE

Porcelain tile

Mosaic tile

Pressed floor tile

Quarry tile

Glazed wall tile

ANSI A137.1 American National Standard Specifications for

Ceramic Tile includes performance and aesthetic criteria for the

five major types of ceramic tiles:

Glass tile

Natural stone tile

The TCNA Handbook includes selections

guides and installation methods for all of

the above, and also includes:

TYPES OF TILE, ABSORPTION

Impervious

Vitreous

Semi-Vitreous

Non-vitreous

≤0.5%

0.5% to 3.0%

3.0% to 7.0%

> 7.0%

Porcelain

Pressed floor tile

Quarry tile

Glazed wall tile

ANSI A137.1

Have been sorted to meet manufacturer’s stated caliber (size) range; vary less in facial dimensions than most natural tiles, but can experience wide size variance.

Not sized or sorted mechanically; can very greatly in size.

TYPES OF TILE, SIZING CATEGORIES

Porcelain tile

Calibrated

Rectified

Pressed tile

Calibrated

Rectified

Natural

All edges are mechanically finished to achieve a more precise facial dimension; provide the least amount of facial dimension and squareness variance.

TYPES OF TILE, FACIAL SIZE

Standard

Mosaic

Facial area < 9 sq. in.

Any side > 15 in.

Large format

ANSI A137.1

LARGE FORMAT TILE

Any side ≥ 15”

12”x24” 24”x24” 18”x36” 24”x48”

18”x18” 16”x16” 12”x12” 6”x8” 8”x8” 4”x8” 6”x6”

TYPES OF TILE, FACIAL SIZE

ANSI A137.1

LARGE FORMAT TILE, ISSUES

Warpage

Lippage

Bonding pattern

Substrate tolerance

Coverage

Grout joint width

GROUT JOINT WIDTH

Grout joint width is a function of:

ANSI-established minimums

Tile’s facial dimension tolerance (range of tile sizes)

Tile’s edge warpage

12” x 12” porcelain tile, rectified

What is the minimum grout joint width?

12” ?

GROUT JOINT WIDTH

4.3.8 Grout joint size: To accommodate the range in

facial dimensions of the tile supplied for a specific project,

the actual grout joint size may, of necessity, vary from the

grout joint size specified. The actual grout joint size shall

be at least three times the actual variation of facial

dimensions of the tile supplied. In no circumstance shall

the grout joint be less than 1/16 in.

ANSI A108.02.4.3.8

GROUT JOINT WIDTH PER ANSI MINIMUM

ANSI A108.02.4.3.8

4.3.8 Grout joint size: To accommodate the range in

facial dimensions of the tile supplied for a specific project,

the actual grout joint size may, of necessity, vary from the

grout joint size specified. The actual grout joint size shall

be at least three times the actual variation of facial

dimensions of the tile supplied. In no circumstance shall

the grout joint be less than 1/16 in.

GROUT JOINT WIDTH PER TILE’S FACIAL DIMENSIONS

ANSI A108.02.4.3.7

GROUT JOINT WIDTH PER ANSI MINIMUM

Minimum widths per ANSI A108.02

GROUT JOINT WIDTH PER TILE’S FACIAL DIMENSIONS

12” x 12” (nom.) Porcelain tile, rectified

Dimension can vary ± .25% or .03 in.

Allowable variation = 12 in. x .0025 = .03 in = approx. 1/32 in.

Min. grout joint width = 3 x .03 = approx. 3/32 in.

GROUT JOINT WIDTH, LFT IN RUNNING BOND

ANSI A108.02.4.3.8.1

“For running bond/brick joint patterns utilizing tiles (square or rectangular) with any side greater than 15 in., the grout joint shall be, on average, a minimum of 1/8 in. wide for rectified tiles and, on average, a minimum of 3/16 in. wide for calibrated (non-rectified) tiles. The grout joint width shall be increased over the minimum requirement by the amount of edge warpage on the longest edge of the actual tiles being installed.”

12” x 24” (nom.) Porcelain tile, rectified

Grout joint width = 1/8 in. min., per ANSI A108.02.4.3.8.1

Longest edge warpage = 24 in. x .040 = .096 in. = approx. 3/32 in.

Min. grout joint width = 1/8 in. + 3/32 in. = approx. 7/32 in.

GROUT JOINT WIDTH, LFT IN RUNNING BOND

Conclusion: Don’t use large format tile in running bond!

BONDING PATTERNS LARGE FORMAT TILE

No offset

50% offset

33% offset

BONDING PATTERN

50% offset (running bond)

BONDING PATTERN

12” x 24” tile w/ 33% offset

BONDING PATTERN

LIPPAGE

Lippage: Condition where one edge of the tile is higher than the adjacent tile, giving the surface an uneven appearance.

1/32” – 1/16” lippage is considered acceptable, depending on grout joint width.

LIPPAGE

Mechanical edge leveling system

LIGHTING

Overhead lighting next to the wall creates harsh shadows, emphasizes lippage

Lights moved just one ceiling panel (24”) from wall

Locate light fixtures at least 24” away from the wall.

LIGHTING

Wall wash lighting accentuates lippage, which may be in the acceptable range

LIGHTING, DURING CONSTRUCTION

It that’s impossible, insist that permanent lighting type be placed in the permanent lighting location prior to installing tile.

It’s best if permanent lighting is in place prior to tile installation.

2.4 Backing surfaces

Ceramic tile can be installed over horizontal and vertical

building surfaces… Tile can be installed directly over

sound, clean, and dimensionally stable surfaces with one

of the thin-set methods, or with a mortar bed method.

SUBSTRATES

ANSI A108.1 General Requirements: Subsurfaces

and Preparations by Other Trades

2.0 General requirements for subsurfaces

SUBSTRATES

Almost any rigid surface

- Deflection criteria

Common substrates:

- Concrete

- Concrete masonry

- Cement board

- Plywood

- Wallboard

is important

SUBSTRATES, BACKER BOARDS

“Cementitious backer units are fiber glass mesh-reinforced

concrete construction units usually 7/16 in. minimum

thickness.” - ANSI A108 Introduction, 2.13

“A nailable/screwable backerboard or underlayment panel

which is composed of stable portland cement, aggregates,

and reinforcements that have a significant ability to remain

unaffected by prolonged exposure to moisture.” - ANSI A118.9.2.1

Wonderboard (Custom)

Hardibacker (Hardi) DensShield (GP)

Durock (USG)

Center backer board edges on framing

Stagger joints so 4 corners do not meet

Space between

panel ends & edges per manufacturer

Wall and Floor Methods in TCNA Handbook

Long dimension of CBU against framing

20 ga. steel studs, min., @ 16 o.c. spacing, max.

ANSI A108.11.5.1

“CAUTION – Neither gypsum board, including water-resistant gypsum backing board, nor gypsum plaster shall be used in wet areas.”

ANSI A108.01.2.5.3.3

SUBSURFACE CONSIDERATIONS

2.1 General

The quality and cost of ceramic tile installations are

influenced by the stability, permanence, and precision of

installation of the backing or base material.

ANSI A108.1 General Requirements: Subsurfaces

and Preparations by Other Trades

2.0 General requirements for subsurfaces

SUBSURFACE CONSIDERATIONS

SUBSURFACE CONSIDERATIONS, FLATNESS

Proper coverage

The flatter the substrate, the easier it will be to achieve:

Minimal lippage

Acceptable flatness

Unacceptable flatness

Better bond

SUBSURFACE CONSIDERATIONS, FLATNESS

“For tiles with all edges shorter than 15 in., the maximum allowable variation is no more than 1/4 in. in 10 ft. and no more than 1/16 in. in 1 ft. from the required plane.”

“For tiles with at least one edge 15 in. or longer, the maximum allowable variation is no more than 1/8 in. in 10 ft. and no more than 1/16 in. in 2 ft. from the required plane.”

Standard size tile

Large format tile (LFT)

ANSI A108.02.4.1.4.3.4

Requirements for sub-floor surfaces and vertical surfaces to receive tile using one of the thin-set methods:

SUBSURFACE FLATNESS

Self-leveling underlayment (SLU)

Trowel applied patch (flash patch)

TESTING MODULE DRAWING 06.131.2101 REV. 1/21/13

FLOOR SUBSTRATE PREP/LARGE FORMAT TILE

FLOOR FRAMING DIAGRAM OSB DECKING

MEMBRANE MODULE PREPPED FOR TESTING

4’ x 8’ FLOOR FRAME CONSTRUCTED W/ DIMENSIONALLY STABLE LUMBER OR MICROLAM.

SHIM PERIMETER JOISTS IF NECESSARY, SO FRAME LIES FLAT ON SUBLFOOR

SLOPE FRAMING 3/4”

1/2” OSB SECURELY FASTENED TO DECKING TO SIMULATE OUT-OF-LEVEL CONCRETE

CLEAVAGE MEMBRANE OVER OSB FOR PROTECTION AND DISASSEMBLY

WOOD FRAMED WALLS W/ OSB SHEATHING

1/4” CEMENT BOARD NAILED TO OSB W/ 7/8” ROOFING NAILS; AVOID NAILING INTO FRAMING FOR EASY REMOVAL

5 6 FLOOR PATCH LARGE FORMAT TILE

TESTING MODULE DRAWING 06.131.2102 REV. 1/21/13

FLOOR SUBSTRATE PREP/LARGE FORMAT TILE

TROWEL-APPLIED SAND & CEMENT PATCH TO CORRECT FLOOR FLATNESS

12” x 24” PORCELAIN TILE LAID IN 1/3 RUNNING BOND IN THINSET MORTAR

Division 3 (FF method) vs. Division 9 (10 ft. straightedge method)

SUBSURFACE FLATNESS, DIVISION 3 vs. DIVISION 9

Division 3, Concrete

Concrete floors must comply with a floor flatness (FF) tolerance based on the ASTM E1155 Standard Test Method to Determine Floor Flatness and Floor Levelness Numbers

- FF of 20 is conventional

- FF of 35 is flat

- FF of 60 is superflat

- per ACI 117-06, is suitable for thin-bed tile installations

- however, FF of 35 will often have areas that

do not meet the required flatness for tile

Limitations of ASTM E1155 (FF method)

Measurement taken within 72 hours of concrete placement

- Before concrete curling and shrinkage

No measurement taken at construction, isolation, or control joints.

No measurement taken at column blockouts.

No measurement taken within 2 feet of perimeter of slab.

CONCRETE IS FLAT WHEN CAST IN PLACE CONCRETE IS FLAT WHEN CAST IN PLACE BUT CURLS AND SHRINKS AS IT SETS

Most curling is caused by shrinkage as the concrete dries

As the slab top shrinks, the bottom doesn’t, and the slab curls

Possible remedy: place more reinforcement at the top of the slab

Straightedge Method

Tile contractor checks individual areas with a 10-ft straightedge

1/4 in. in 10 ft. for standard tile

1/8 in. in 10 ft. for LFT

Often, floors that meet FF of 35 will have areas that do not meet these criteria.

Unless subfloor prep is required by the spec, or a bid allowance is included, tile contractor assumes a suitably flat floor will be provided.

SUBSURFACE FLATNESS

TCNA Handbook

“Project specifications shall include a specific and separate requirement to bring the subsurface into compliance if a thin-bed method is specified but subfloor does not meet the flatness requirements.”

Industry standards for tile finish flatness and lippage do not apply if the substrate does not meet required flatness tolerances for tile, unless tile contractor is authorized to correct substrate flatness issues.

2013 TCNA Handbook

SUBSURFACE FLATNESS

Tile contractor will document flatness issues and retain communications.

“As tile size increases, the effect of substrate irregularities is compounded. When specifying tile with any edge longer than 15”, consider specifying a recessed substrate and a mortar bed (thick-set) installation method to minimize lippage that results when a thin-bed method is specified but subfloor flatness requirements are not met.”

SUBSURFACE FLATNESS

TCNA Handbook

“…Mortars are designed as direct bond adhesives and are not intended to be used in truing or leveling underlying substrates or the work of others.”

SUBSURFACE FLATNESS

ANSI A118.4.2.1

SUBSURFACE PREPARATION

SUBSURFACE PREPARATION, CURING COMPOUDS

“Properly cure concrete slabs without using liquid curing compound or other coatings.”

ANSI A108.3.2.1.1

DEFLECTION

“Floor systems, including the

framing system and subfloor

panels, over which tile will be

installed shall be in conformance

with the IRC for residential

applications, the IBC for

commercial applications, or

applicable building codes.”

ANSI A108.01.2.3

For stone tile, refer to MIA; may

be as rigid as L/720.

DEFLECTION

2009 IBC, 1604.3.1

DRY-SET MORTAR

TILE OVER CBU ON WOOD SUBFLOOR DETAIL 09.03 REV. 04/16/07

1-800-IMI-0988 www.imiweb.org

masonry detailing series

(TCNA F144)

BACKER UNIT (CBU) CEMENTITIOUS

NAILED @ 6” O.C. W/ TAPED JOINTS,

1/8” GAP BETWEEN PLYWOOD SUBFLOOR;

PLYWOOD SHEETS

PORTLAND CEMENT DRY-SET OR LATEX-

MORTAR BOND COAT

CERAMIC TILE

1/2”

.044”

16” o.c. spacing

15’-0” span

Maximum (?) Floor Deflection = L/360

MEMBRANES

“… function as barriers to positive liquid water migration.”

ANSI A108 Introduction, 2.14, 2.15, 2.16

Waterproof membranes (ANSI A118.10)

Crack isolation membranes (ANSI A118.12)

“… isolate tile or stone from minor in-plane substrate

cracking.”

Sound reduction membranes (ANSI A118.13)

“… lower the transmission of sound from one room to the

room below.”

Each of these membranes may be bonded to a variety of

manufacturer-approved substrates, and may be trowel, liquid,

or sheet applied.

Prevent water from penetrating into the substrate or other flooring components below the membrane.

WATERPROOF MEMBRANES

ANSI A118.10, Load-bearing, Bonded, Waterproof Membranes

for Thin-set Ceramic Tile and Dimension Stone Installations

Contain and direct water to proper drainage

Protect setting bed, reinforcing wire (if used), concrete base, concrete reinforcing

Generally have polyester or fiberglass netting (a.k.a. “bonding fleece”) bonded to both sides of sheet which allow the membrane to be bonded to the substrate, and tile to be bonded to the membrane

WATERPROOF MEMBRANES, SHEET APPLIED

Typically made from chlorinated polyethylene, PVC, or other plastic materials

Product standard: ANSI A118.10

Installation method: ANSI A108.13

Some sheet applied membranes provide both waterproofing and crack isolation functions

Advantages

- No cure time before water test

WATERPROOF MEMBRANES, SHEET APPLIED

Disadvantages

- Used primarily for flat surfaces

- Generally require factory formed corners to avoid excessive thickness when folding

- Bonding seams between sheets can be challenging

- Consistency of quality and thickness

Some liquid applied membranes incorporate polyester or fiberglass fabric into the liquid applications for added strength and to help establish proper thickness

WATERPROOF MEMBRANES, LIQUID APPLIED

Typically made from asphaltic compounds, single- or dual-component polyurethanes; water- or resin-based two-part epoxies; single-component latex-based materials

Some liquid applied membranes provide both waterproofing and crack isolation functions

Advantages

- Can be applied to flat or irregular surfaces

- Can provide seamless installation

WATERPROOF MEMBRANES, LIQUID APPLIED

Disadvantages

- May be challenging to control the thickness

- May be challenging to mix two or three components

Without entraining air that can result in pinholes in the application

- Generally require several coats with required drying time in between

CRACK ISOLATON MEMBRANES

Provide a flexible barrier between tile and substrate that will prevent minor lateral movement or in-plane substrate cracks (up to 1/8”) from transmitting up through the tile finish.

Product standard: ANSI A118.12

Installation method: ANSI A108.17

Can be applied to existing cracks in the substrate

- Crack chasing

- Partial treatment

Can be applied “full bed” to entire area to receive tile

- Treats existing minor in-plane cracks in the substrate

- May prevent future cracks in substrate from telegraphing

CRACK ISOLATON MEMBRANES

1 ASSESS EXISTING CONDITIONS

Instructions to Installer

• Plan installation of two membranes incorporating clamping ring drain and pipe penetration.

TESTING MODULE SHEET 06.131.2412 REV. 7/15/13

MEMBRANES

• Apply blue painter’s tape in center of floor and wall dividing two

areas.

• Pre-treat drains, penetrations, and corners.

• Apply membrane & fabric w/ connections to drain pipe

penetration and up walls 3” for sanitary base (no base to be

installed).

• Follow manufacturer’s recommendations.

2 LIQUID APPLIED MEMBRANE (COAT 1)

• Apply sheet membrane on right side of module.

• Provide appropriate connections to drain, pipe penetration, and

inside & outside corners.

• Extend membrane up walls 3” for sanitary base (no base to be

installed) and protect accordingly.

• Provide seam at midpoint between drain and pipe penetration.

• Follow manufacturer’s recommendations.

3 SHEET MEMBRANE

PROVIDE SEAM

• Apply second coat of liquid membrane after manufacturer’s

recommended dry time of first coat.

4 LIQUID APPLIED MEMBRANE (COAT 2)

ACT CERTIFICATION, MEMBRANES

INSTALLATION METHODS

ANSI A108 – Installation Standards

A108.1A

Installation of Ceramic Tile in the Wet-Set Method, with Portland Cement Mortar

A108.1B

Installation of Ceramic Tile on a Cured Portland Cement Mortar Setting Bed with Dry-Set or Latex-Portland Cement Mortar

A108.1C

Contractor’s Option: Installation of Ceramic Tile in the Wet-Set Method with Portland Cement Mortar or Installation of Ceramic Tile on a Cured Portland Cement Mortar Setting Bed with Dry-Set or Latex-Portland Cement Mortar

A108.4

Installation of Ceramic Tile with Organic Adhesives or Water Cleanable Tile-Setting Epoxy Adhesive

A108.5

Installation of Ceramic Tile with Dry-Set Portland Cement Mortar or Latex-Portland Cement Mortar

INSTALLATION METHODS

Generally 1¼” to 2½” thick

Mortar Bed (Mud Bed)

Can compensate for irregular substrate

Limits deflection

Thin-Set

Thinner installation

Prep time reduced

3/32” - 1/4” after embedment

Medium bed mortar may be 3/16” – 3/4” after embedment

INSTALLATION METHODS, MORTAR BED (MUD)

FLOOR TILE DETAIL 06.130.0201 REV. 08/25/09

CEMENT MORTAR BED ON CONCRETE

DRY-SET OR LATEX-PORTLAND CEMENT MORTAR BOND COAT

WATERPROOF / ANTIFRACTURE MEMBRANE AS REQ’D

CONCRETE SUBFLOOR

CERAMIC TILE

MORTAR BED, 1¼” MIN. TO 2” MAX, W/ WIRE REINFORCEMENT

INSTALLATION METHODS, THIN-SET

FLOOR TILE DETAIL 06.130.0202 REV. 08/25/09

THINSET ON CONCRETE OR CURED MORTAR BED

LATEX-PORTLAND CEMENT MORTAR BOND COAT

WATERPROOF / ANTIFRACTURE MEMBRANE AS REQ’D

CONCRETE OR CURED MORTAR BED

CERAMIC TILE

1 ASSESS EXISTING CONDITIONS

MUD WORK – FLOOR MODULE

2 FLOAT FLOOR

8’-0”

Starting point to determine proper depth of mortar bed

ALL WORK

COMPLETED

FROM THIS

WORK AREA

• Establish level perimeter & spots around U-shape.

• Install wire mesh reinforcement.

• Float floor per TCNA Method F111 (Unbonded Mortar Bed).

• Thickness per spec.

• All work to be completed from designated work area only (No

work to be done from perimeter of 8’ x 8’ box).

• Provided 8-ft. square frame.

MUD WORK – WALL MODULE

ASSESS EXISTING CONDITIONS

1 2 FLOAT WALLS

• Provided wood frame w/ gyp. bd. & cleavage

membrane pre-installed.

• Float walls per TCNA Handbook Method W222 –

Mortar Bed (One Coat Method).

• Thickness per spec.

• Tops of knee walls to be level and flat in both

directions.

ACT CERTIFICATION, MUD WORK

Porcelain tile

Dense body resulting

from fused feldspar

Glazed ceramic tile

Impervious glaze over

clay body of varying

characteristics

SETTING MATERIALS, COMPATIBILITY W/ TILE

Glazed ceramic tile -

open pores

Porcelain tile -

closed pores

Microscopic view of tile’s surface

SETTING MATERIALS, COMPATIBILITY W/ TILE

SETTING MATERIALS, A118.4 vs. A118.15

2013 ANSI adds new spec for improved modified dry-set cement mortar (A118.15)

Increases clarity of mortar performance

Levels the playing field in low-bid contract

SETTING MATERIALS

A118.4 vs. A118.15

SHEAR BOND TEST

ANSI A118.4.7.2.3; ANSI A118.15.7.2.3

Medium bed mortar

SETTING MATERIALS, MEDIUM BED MORTAR

Minimize slump, facilitate thicker bond coats

Useful for setting heavy tiles, ungauged ties, and large format tiles

3/16” to 3/4” bond coat after tile is embedded

Not intended for truing or leveling

A product, not an installation method

SETTING MATERIALS, ORGANIC ADHESIVES

ANSI A108 Introduction

2.2.1 CAUTION – Although organic adhesives provide a

good bond for floor tile to substrates, they may provide

insufficient support under nonresidential loads, resulting

in the cracking of tile.

2.0 Notes for tile material, accessories, and definitions

COVERAGE

95% coverage req’d for interior wet areas and exteriors

80% coverage req’d

for interior dry areas

Key in mortar using flat side of trowel

Trowel in one direction to distribute mortar evenly and avoid trapping air

ANSI A108.5.3.3

COVERAGE

Troweling in swirl pattern may trap air and distribute mortar unevenly

Troweling in one direction results in better coverage and bond

COVERAGE

Backbuttering the tile

COVERAGE

“If 95% coverage is specified, back butter each tile with bond coat… The method used should produce maximum coverage with the corners and edges fully supported”

ANSI A108.5.2.5.4

COVERAGE

“Periodically remove and check a tile to assure that proper coverage is being attained.”

ANSI A108.5.2.5.4

COVERAGE

EXTERIOR OR WET INSTALLATION

• MIN. 95% COVERAGE

DRY INTERIOR INSTALLATION

• NO VOIDS WITHIN 2” OF TILE EDGES

• MAXIMUM SIZE OF VOID IS 2 SQUARE INCHES (APPROXIMATELY THE AREA OF A GOLF BALL).

• MIN. 80% COVERAGE

• NO VOIDS WITHIN 2” OF TILE EDGES

• MAXIMUM SIZE OF VOID IS 2 SQUARE INCHES (APPROXIMATELY THE AREA OF A GOLF BALL).

TILE (12” x 12” SHOWN)

THINSET MORTAR ADHERES TO BACK SIDE OF TILE WHEN TILE IS REMOVED FOR INSPECTION

MORTAR VOID, GOLF BALL-SIZED (APPROX.), MAX.

2” MAX., TYP.

Inadequate mortar coverage

EXPANSION JOINTS, LOCATIONS

Provide at construction joints

Provide at control joints

- Cold joints

- Formed or sawed

Provide at isolation joints / building expansion joints

May be required where cracks have occurred in substrate

- Separating adjoining parts

EXPANSION JOINTS, SPACING

Interior exposed to direct sunlight

Exterior

• 8 ft. to 12 ft. o.c.

Interior

• 20ft. to 25 ft. o.c.

• 8 ft. to 12 ft. o.c.

- Temperature changes up to 100˚F - 1/2” wide expansion joint

- Temperature changes up to 20˚F

- Not exposed to moisture

ANSI A108.01.3.7

“Movement joints are required over all construction, control, and expansion joints in the backing and where backing materials change or change direction including terminations of tilework where it abuts restraining or dissimilar surfaces.”

ANSI A108.02.4.4.1

EXPANSION JOINTS, PERIMETER

Expansion joint profile at perimeter change in plane

EXPANSION JOINTS, PERIMETER

Expansion joint profile at vertical change in plane

No accommodation for movement at vertical change in plane

WALL AND FLOOR TILE THINSET, CORNER CONDITION

DETAIL 06.130.1300 REV. 09/10/09

PERIMETER MOVEMENT JOINT

DRY-SET OR LATEX-PORTLAND CEMENT MORTAR BOND COAT

CONCRETE MASONRY W/ FLUSH JOINTS

CERAMIC TILE AT WALLS & FLOOR

MOVEMENT JOINT

AT INTERSECTING

AT FLOOR / WALL

MOVEMENT JOINT

“Movement joints in the substrate shall be carried though the tile installation.”

ANSI A118.12.1.0

EXPANSION JOINTS OVER CONCRETE CJ

provide expansion

joints in tile over

concrete joints

provide expansion

joints in tile over

concrete joints

TILE PLACED IN CRACK SUPPRESSION MEMBRANE OVER CONCRETE CONTROL JOINT

TILE PLACED IN CRACK SUPPRESSION MEMBRANE OVER CONCRETE CONTROL JOINT CRACKS AND FAILS AS SLAB CURLS

TILE EXPANSION JOINT PLACED OVER CONCRETE CONTROL JOINT

TILE EXPANSION JOINT PLACED OVER CONCRETE CONTROL JOINT ALLOWS TILE TO MOVE WITHOUT CRACKING AS SLAB CURLS

CERAMIC TILE

MORTAR BED REINFORCED

WATERPROOF MEMBRANE CLEAVAGE OR

COMPRESSIBLE FILLER SEALANT, BACKER ROD, AND

THINSET MORTAR OR WOOD CONCRETE

TILE EXPANSION JOINT DETAIL 09.01 REV. 04/13/07

1-800-IMI-0988 www.imiweb.org

masonry detailing series

1¼” – 2½” THICK

BOND COAT

EXPANSION JOINTS, CUT TILE VS. TOOTHED

ANSI A108.01.3.7.5

Cut tile for expansion joint Toothed expansion joint

EXPANSION JOINTS

Field applied w/ sealant Prefabricated profile

COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION

Coefficient of Friction (COF)

- Measurement of a tile’s frictional resistance

- Related to traction and slip resistance

Static Coefficient of Friction (SCOF)

Dynamic Coefficient of Friction (DCOF)

- Frictional resistance one pushes against

when already in motion

- Frictional resistance one pushes against

when starting motion

- Measures the ratio of forces necessary

to start two surfaces sliding

- Measures the ratio of forces necessary

to keep two surfaces sliding

SCOF (ASTM C1028) is no longer the accepted method

DCOF AcuTest (ANSI A137.1-2012, Section 9.6) is the new method

In 2012, the method for measuring COF for ceramic tile changed, per ANSI A137.1

- DCOF relates better to slips occurring

while a person is in motion

Minimum wet DCOF AcuTest value of 0.42 required for ceramic tiles for level interior spaces expected to be walked upon when wet.

Tiles with a wet DCOF AcutTest value of < 0.42 are only suitable for floor areas that will be kept dry.

Previously, there was no required value in ANSI A137.1 for wet floors (static or dynamic), although a minimum value of 0.6 wet SCOF, measured by ASTM C1028, was commonly specified for ceramic tile in commercial spaces.

Tiles that meet 0.60 SCOF may meet 0.42 DCOF; however, there is no direct relationships between the methods.

VENTILATED RAINSCREEN FACADES

Tiles up to 1 1/4” thick, up to 4’ x 4’

Mechanically anchored to structural backup, as exterior wall cladding

Ventilated, back-drained, rainscreen wall system

Tiles can be easily removed and replaced, facilitating access to maintenance of internal wall components

Constructability research mockup

Hyatt Place, Chicago, IL

First Bank & Trust, Skokie, Illinois

REDUCED THICKNESS TILE 3 mm to 6.5 mm thick

- Traditional tiles are 7 to 11 mm thick

Facial sizes up to 5 ft x 10 ft.

REDUCED THICKNESS TILE, CONSIDERATIONS

Handling and installation that take into consideration the lower breaking strength

Variation in manuf’r recommendations re. suitable substrates and applications; substrate prep.

Currently, no product or installation standards exist.

Setting material compatible w/ reinforcement on tiles

Prequalified installers; specialized tools

REDUCED THICKNESS TILE

Craftworker training at IMI

Constructability research

Medical Mart, Commercial Tile & Stone, Cleveland, OH

SUSTAINABILITY BENEFITS OF TILE

Low emitting Moisture tolerant

Improved life cycle Thermal mass Mold resistant

Developed by TCNA

Green Squared Certification

ANSI A138.1 product standard, a.k.a. Green Squared

Certified by one of three credible and widely recognized certification bodies

Contributes points toward several green ratings systems

- National Green Building Standard (ICC 700-2012)

- It is likely that LEED will soon acknowledge

Recycled content

Green Squared Certification Criteria

Regional availability

Indoor air quality

Exterior contribution / heat island effect

Cleaning and maintenance

Cleanliness and sterility

Life cycle performance

Energy reduction

Innovation

Toilet room renovations, before

CASE STUDY: FEDERAL BUILDING, CHICAGO, IL

Toilet room renovations, after

Photo credit: Hedrich Blessing/ Scott McDonald

CASE STUDY: FEDERAL BUILDING, CHICAGO, IL

“The heart of the tile trade will always

be the skill of the individual craftsmen.

This means that tile will always be a

trade; it will never be an industry.”

Alan Lippert, BAC tile contractor

and TCAA President 1990-1991

INSTALLER QUALIFICATIONS, TCNA HANDBOOK LANGUAGE

INSTALLER QUALIFICATIONS, IMI TRAINING

INSTALLER & CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATION LANGUAGE

“Journeyman Tile Layers Apprenticeship

Programs… Contractors that employ union

Journeymen Tile Setters can be found

through the Union Locals that list their

signatory contractors, primarily the

Bricklayer and Allied Craftworkers (BAC)…

“Every aspect of a tile installation relies on

the tile contracting company and its

installers.”

“The following non-profit programs are

well-established and recognized by the

Handbook Committee:

“Tile Contractors’ Association of America

(TCAA) Trowel of Excellence Program…”

“IMI Contractor College…

IN 2012 TILE COUNCIL OF NORTH AMERICA HANDBOOK

09 30 00 Tiling

SPECIFICATIONS

… the best hands

in the business!

IMI-TRAINED TILE, MARBLE, & TERRAZZO CRAFTWORKERS

DESIGNING WITH TILE

presented by

Designing with Tile

Education

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DESIGNING WITH TILE - Architectural Ceramics · styles and are typically 6”-10” tall. For a simple clean look use tile bullnose, or cut field tile. Some porcelain and stone field

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Designing with empathy2

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Designing with people · 2016. 2. 11. · Designing with people living with dementia | Perth Kilmarnock | Designing with people living with dementia Kilmarnock In Kilmarnock on 30th

TILE: An interactive, multi-touch generative system for designing …aland/PAPERS/TILE_techReport2013.pdf · 2017-01-24 · TILE: An interactive, multi-touch generative system for

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