Endocrine system Pathology Dr.Motilal Godara

KARAGANDA STATE MEDICAL

UNIVERCITY

STUDENT INDIVIDUAL WORK

SUBMITTED TO - KAMYSHANSKIY Y.K.

SUBMITTED BY – GODARA MOTI LAL

GROUP NO. 3003

SUBJECT- Pathological Anatomy

Topic- Disorders of hypothalamic pituitary system

Disorders of hypothalamic pituitary system

HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY

Hypothalamus and Pituitary

The hypothalamus-pituitary unit is the mostdominant portion of the entire endocrinesystem.

The output of the hypothalamus-pituitaryunit regulates the function of the thyroid,adrenal and reproductive glands and alsocontrols somatic growth, lactation, milksecretion and water metabolism.

Hypothalamus and Pituitary

Pituitary function depends on the hypothalamusand the anatomical organization of thehypothalamus-pituitary unit reflects thisrelationship.

The pituitary gland lies in a pocket of bone at thebase of the brain, just below the hypothalamusto which it is connected by a stalk containingnerve fibers and blood vessels. The pituitary iscomposed to two lobes-- anterior and posterior

Posterior Pituitary: neurohypophysis

Posterior pituitary: an outgrowth of the hypothalamus composed of neural tissue.

Hypothalamic neurons pass through the neural stalk and end in the posterior pituitary.

The upper portion of the neural stalk extends into the hypothalamus and is called the median eminence.

Anterior pituitary: adenohypophysis

Anterior pituitary: connected to the hypothalamus by the superior hypophyseal artery.

The antererior pituitary is an amalgam of hormone producing glandular cells.

The anterior pituitary produces six peptide hormones: prolactin, growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Regulation of Hypothalamus

Anatomical and functional organization

DISORDERS OF THE PITUITARY

GLANDDr. Belal M. Hijji, RN. PhD

May 2nd, 2012

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Endocrine glands in the human head and neck and their hormones

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Hypopituitarism

It is hypofunction of the pituitary gland.

It results from disease of the pituitary gland itself (destruction

of the anterior lobe) or of the hypothalamus.

Panhypopituitarism is total absence of all pituitary secretions

and is rare. Postpartum pituitary necrosis is more likely to

occur in women with severe blood loss, hypovolemia, and

hypotension at the time of delivery.

Is a complication of radiation therapy. The total destruction of

the pituitary gland results in extreme weight loss, emaciation,

atrophy of all endocrine glands and organs, hair loss,

impotence, amenorrhea, hypometabolism, and hypoglycemia.

Coma and death may occur.

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Pituitary Tumors

Are usually benign.

Their location and effects on hormone production can be life

threatening.

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Medical Management

Radiation therapy.

Surgical removal of the pituitary gland.

It is the treatment of choice in patients with Cushing’s syndrome due to excessive production of ACTH by a tumor of the pituitary gland.

Hypophysectomy may also be performed as a palliative measure to relieve bone pain secondary to metastasis of malignant lesions of the breast and prostate.

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Hypothalamic releasing factors for anterior pituitary hormones

Travel to adenohypophysis via hypophyseal-portal circulation

Travel to specific cells in anterior pituitary to stimulate synthesis and secretion of trophic hormones

Hypothalamic releasing hormones

Hypothalamic releasing hormone

Effect on pituitary

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Stimulates ACTH secretion

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

Stimulates TSH and Prolactin secretion

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

Stimulates GH secretion

Somatostatin Inhibits GH (and other hormone) secretion

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Stimulates LH and FSH secretion

Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)

Stimulates PRL secretion

Prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine)

Inhibits PRL secretion

Anterior pituitary

Anterior pituitary: connected to the hypothalamus by hypothalmoanterior pituitary portal vessels.

The anterior pituitary produces six peptide hormones: prolactin, growth hormone (GH),

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),

luteinizing hormone (LH).

Hypothalamus-pituitary axis

Oxytocin: uterine contractions Reflexes originating in the cervical, vaginal

and uterus stimulate oxytocin synthesis and release via neural input to hypothalamus

Increases in plasma at time of ovulation, parturition, and coitus

Estrogen increases synthesis and lowers threshold for release

ADH and plasma osmolality

ADH and blood pressure