Energy

ENERGYBY LUIS ALCALÁ, PAULA MONZÓN AND JESÚS ZAMORA

FORMS OF ENERGY• Kinetic energy: energy caused by the movement of an object

or living thing.

• Potential energy: a force is applied to an object and it change the form of it.

• Mechanical energy: it is a mixture of potential energy and kinetic energy.

• Chemical energy: transformation of an object by a chemical reaction.

• Sound energy: energy produced when an object vibrates.

• Thermal energy: energy which depends on its temperature.

• Electrical energy: energy carried by electrons through a material that conducts electricity.

• Gravitational energy: energy produced by the gravity of the Earth.

• Radiant energy: energy produced by electromagnetic waves.

• Magnetic energy: it is produced by a magnetic field and causes attraction.

• Nuclear energy: energy which divides the nucleus of atoms into different parts.

• Elastic energy: energy which change the volume of an object.

• Light energy: energy which consits on an electromagnetic wave which we can detect with the eyes.

• Solar energy: the energy that comes from the light and heat from the Sun.

• Wind energy: energy that is extracted from the air.

• Hydroelectric energy: energy that is produced by water.

EXAMPLES

KINECTIC ENERGY

POTENTIAL ENERGY

MECHANICAL ENERGY

CHEMICAL ENERGY

SOUND ENERGY

THERMAL ENERGY

ELECTRICAL ENERGY

GRAVITATIONAL ENERGY

RADIANT ENERGY

MAGNETIC ENERGY

NUCLEAR ENERGY

ELASTIC ENERGY

LIGHT ENERGY

SOLAR ENERGY

WIND ENERGY

HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

SOURCES• Renewable sources: they are the ones that come from nature

and they do not run out. Examples: solar energy, wind energy and hydroelectric energy.

• Non-renewable sources: they cannot renew themselves and they are extracted by humans. Example: coal, fossil fuels and oil.

RENEWABLE SOURCES• Advantages: they do not run out, they are easily taken and

they do not contaminate the enviroment.

• Disadvantages: difficult to generate in big quantities and it depends of the weather.

NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES• Advantages: they are very powerful, easy to transport and

they are very abundant.

• Disadvantages: they do not renew, they contaminate the enviroment and produce global warming.

-Non-renewable energy sources• It is a natural resource that does not renew itself , or produce

in the way It quickly is being consumed. Non-renewable energy sources

Fossil Fuels• Coal: It is used as an energy resource, 1st burn for the

production of electricity or heat, and then for industrial purposes.

• Petroleum: A yellow-black liquid found in geological formations which is commonly refined into various types of fuels.

• Natural gas : It´s formed when buried plants, gases and animals are exposed to intense heat and pressure.

- It is a non-renewable energy source because it cannot be replenished on a human time frame.

• Nuclear energy: It is the energy in the nucleus of an atom, and it is used to make electricity.

• Steam engine: It is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.

• - Internal combustion engine: It is an engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer.

• - It is produced in the combustion chamber ( intergral part of the flow of the circuit)

• - Steam turbine: It is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized team and uses it to do mechanical works.

• Gas engine: It is an internal combustion engine which runs on a gas fuel, such as coal gas or biogas.

Renewable energy

sources

Solar•Where it is from? Energy from sunlight is captured in solar panels and converted into electricity. •AdvantagesPotentially infinite energy supplySingle dwellings can have own electricity supply.•DisadvantagesThe manufacture of solar panels is very expensive.

Wind•Where is it from?Wind turbines (modern windmills) turn wind energy into electricity. •AdvantagesCan be found singularly, but usually many together in wind farms.Potentially infinite energy supply.•DisadvantagesManufacture of wind farms is also very expensive.Some local people object to on-shore wind farms, arguing that it spoils the countryside.

Tides

•Where is it from?The movement of tides drives turbines.A tidal barrage (a kind of dam) is built across estuaries, forcing water through gaps.In future underwater turbines may be possible out at sea and without dams.•AdvantagesIdeal for an island such as the UK.Potential to generate a lot of energy.•DisadvantagesConstruction of barrage is very expensive.Opposed by some environmental groups as having a negative impact on wildlife.

Waves•Where is it from?The movement of seawater in and out of a cavity on the shore compresses trapped air, driving a turbine. •AdvantagesIdeal for an island country.•DisadvantagesConstruction can be costly.May be opposed by environmental groups.

Earth heat energy•Where is it from?In volcanic regions it is possible to use the natural heat of the Earth.Cold water pumps under ground and comes out as steam.Steam can be used for heating or to power turbines creating electricity.•AdvantagesPotentially infinite energy supply.Used successfully in some countries, such as New Zealand and Iceland.•DisadvantagesCan be expensive to set up and only works in areas of volcanic activity.Geothermal and volcanic activity might calm down, leaving power stations redundant.

Biomass• Where is it from?Decaying plant or animal waste.An organic material, which can be burned to provide energy, eg heat, or electricity.After treatment with chemicals it can be used as a fuel in diesel engines. •AdvantagesIt is a cheap source of energy.If replaced, biomass can be a long-term, sustainable energy source.• DisadvantagesWhen burned, it gives off atmospheric pollutants, including greenhouse gases.

Water (hydrological power)

•Where is it from?Energy harnessed from the movement of water through rivers, lakes and dams.•AdvantagesCreates water reserves as well as energy supplies.•DisadvantagesExpensive to build. Can cause the flooding of surrounding communities and landscapes.

Electrical energyGeneration Process of generating electric power from other sources of primary energy.The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered by Faraday during the 1820s.Transmission Is the bulk transfer of electric energy, from generating power plants located near demand centers.Distribution The final stage in the delivery of electric power; It carries electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers.

Distribution transformer

Power transmission linePower generator

Thermal power plant

Generation: Thermal energy

Transmission: Transmission of electric energy produced in hydro-electric, coal, lignite, oil and gas-based thermal power plants.

Distribution: The distribution of electric energy goes to households, industries and buildings by wires.

Hydroelectric power plant

Generation: Hydroelectric energy

Transmission: The shaft from the turbine (used to carry energy) goes up into the generator, which produces the power. Power lines are connected to the generator that carry electricity to your home and mine.

Distribution: The power lines carry electricity to your home

Nuclear power plant

Generation: Nuclear energy and thermal energy.

Transmission: The transmission of electricity extracted from heat and nuclear reaction moves by the wires.

Distribution: The electric energy using the nuclear power reaches our houses.

Energy efficiency and saving

•Energy efficiency is the goal to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services.

•Energy saving refers to reducing energy consumption through using less of an energy service

Environmental impact of the generation, transmission, distribution and use of energy.•The environmental impact of electricity generation is significant because modern society uses large amounts of electrical power•The environmental impact of transmission is significant because it is a major user of energy, and burns most of the world's petroleum. This creates air pollution.•The environmental impact of electric distribution is significant because it is harmful for the animals that live near the distribution transformers.•The environmental impact of the energy is diverse. Energy has been harnessed by human beings for millennia. Initially it was with the use of fire for light, heat, cooking and for safety. In recent years there has been a trend towards the increased commercialization of various renewable energy sources.