Errors in Reasoning

GD573: GraDuate seminartrenD DiaGram & essays

Errors in Reasoning

The Dangers of a Mindset

Jumping to Conclusions

Misconceptions

Wrong Generalizations

Mistaking Evidence for Proof

Circular Reasoning

False Analogies

Misusing Statistics

Relative Versus Absolute

Extreme Judgments

GD573: GraDuate seminar .:. trenD DiaGrams & essays

Errors in Reasoning

Dangers of a Mindset

to wear a seat belt

Errors in Reasoning

personal experiences influencethe development of

our beliefs and values

Errors in Reasoning

mindets arepatterns of thinking

that guide the way

we react to situations

Errors in Reasoning

mindsets determine

what we notice andwhat we ignore

Errors in Reasoning

we see and hearwhat we want to

Errors in Reasoning

we select facts thatreinforce our ideas

Errors in Reasoning

... but mindsets performimportant functions

Errors in Reasoning

checks and balances:

examine assumptions&

play devil’s advocate

Errors in Reasoning

you did it

Errors in Reasoning

don’t have all the factsand closed to new facts

Errors in Reasoning

didn’t see it happendon’t know why it happened

Errors in Reasoning

judgment based oncircumstantial evidence

Errors in Reasoning

assume benevolence&

ask open questions&

have the courage to be wrong

Errors in Reasoning

Misconceptions

national testspredict performance

Errors in Reasoning

Misconceptions

confuse the meaning ofa relational word

i.e. average

Errors in Reasoning

Misconceptions

the glass ishalf full or half empty

Errors in Reasoning

Misconceptions

stereotypes,prejudices, anddiscrimination

Errors in Reasoning

Misconceptions

define terms&

support conclusion with direct facts (not inference)

Errors in Reasoning

pit bulls areaggressive dogs

Errors in Reasoning

too many exceptionsto the rule

Errors in Reasoning

biased selectionof information

Errors in Reasoning

overgeneralizationapplied beyond its proper limits andlikely to produce wrong conclusions

Errors in Reasoning

define limitations&

contextualize statements

Errors in Reasoning

belief that womenare inferior to men

Errors in Reasoning

absolutely sureof generalized facts

Errors in Reasoning

beliefs becomeself-fulfilling prophecies

Errors in Reasoning

testimoniesare not reliable

Errors in Reasoning

identify exceptions&

evidence must be overwhelming

Errors in Reasoning

Circular Reasoning

Taxation of incomeis for the common good.

Why do you say that?

Because in the long run,taxation of income isin the best interest

of all citizens.

Errors in Reasoning

Circular Reasoning

rephrasethe statement you’re proving

and then

use a similar statementas proof for the original

Errors in Reasoning

Circular Reasoning

“because”makes it seem as ifyou’re saying why

Errors in Reasoning

Circular Reasoning

“5 Why’s” activity&

list multiple effects

Errors in Reasoning

False Analogies

there areplenty of fish

in the sea

Errors in Reasoning

False Analogies

if two things aresimilar in one way,

they may also besimilar in other ways

Errors in Reasoning

False Analogies

“maybe”gets converted into

“is”

Errors in Reasoning

False Analogies

omitimportant differences

Errors in Reasoning

False Analogies

an analogies is only ahypothesis

Errors in Reasoning

False Analogies

proverbsappear to be sage advice,but can support any side

“Make hay while the sun shines” (buy)“Haste makes waste” (don’t buy)

Errors in Reasoning

False Analogies

identify assumptions&

identify concrete similarities

Errors in Reasoning

Misusing Statistics

the modern plagueof ADHD

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=zDZFcDGpL4U

Errors in Reasoning

Misusing Statistics

makes the informationseem accurate

Errors in Reasoning

Misusing Statistics

used to arguefor special interests

Errors in Reasoning

Misusing Statistics

does not includeoutliers or discounted

Errors in Reasoning

Misusing Statistics

misinterpret“average”

does not give any indicationof the distribution of numbers

Errors in Reasoning

Misusing Statistics

learn basic statistical principles&

verify the population & methods&

look at the whole data set

Errors in Reasoning

subjective wordsare relative

lack established standards

Errors in Reasoning

avoid absolutes (yes/no)&

relation to multiple examples&

plot examples along a spectrum

Errors in Reasoning

Extreme Judgments

legalized in 1967

Errors in Reasoning

Extreme Judgments

black and whiteinterpretations

Errors in Reasoning

Extreme Judgments

convinced beyonda shadow of doubt

Errors in Reasoning

Extreme Judgments

seeking justice and/or revenge

Errors in Reasoning

Extreme Judgments

investigate the backstory&

see from multiple sides&

practice compassion

Errors in Reasoning

Education

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Study Guide - Learning Sciences International (LSI)€¦ · Study Guide Examining Reasoning ... Errors of Faulty Logic Errors of Attack Errors of Weak Reference Errors of Misinformation

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they actually have names Errors in reasoning so common … · 2019-11-25 · Adolf Hitler relate to each other? Fallacies are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic

Unit 1 Logic and Critical Thinking - memelyceum.com · Unit 1 Logic and Critical Thinking Concept ... diagramming arguments ... Fallacies are common errors in reasoning. These invalid

ERRORS IN PROBABILISTIC REASONING AND JUDGMENT …

T EN S TEPS TO A DVANCING C OLLEGE R EADING S KILLS Chapter 10c: Errors in Reasoning John Langan © 2010 Townsend Press

LOGICAL FALLACIES. Fallacies are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument. Fallacies can be either illegitimate arguments

Learning Objectives: To recognize the elements of an argument. To recognize types of arguments. To evaluate arguments. To recognize errors in logical reasoning

Fallacies in Reasoning n Patterns of incorrect reasoning

Newsletter · 2019-11-08 · We’ll be looking at tricky questions, common errors children make and how we teach arithmetic at school. The reasoning café will look at some reasoning

Naturalized.doc · Web viewWhen have we seen a fallacies paper in the Journal of Symbolic Logic? The answer is: Never. Notwithstanding some answers ventured in Errors of Reasoning,

ERRORS IN CALCULATIN ODDS, ERRORS IN CALCULATING VALUE