Grammar Book

grammar bookShakira hale

Table of contents

1. Preterite2. Trigger words3. Car/gar/zar’s4. Spock verbs5. Cucaracha 6. Snake7. Snakey8. Imperfect9. Trigger words10.Irregulares11.Preterite vs.

imperfect

12.Ser vs. estar13.Verbs like gustar14.Comparatives/

superlatives15.Transition words16.Future17.Trigger words18.Irregulars19.Por20.Para21.Demonstrative adjectives22.Demonstrative pronouns

Table of contents.. continued

23.Conditional 24.irregulars25.Perfect tenses26.Present27.Past28.Present perfect

irregulars29.Subjunctive perfect30.Tanto y tan31.Impersonal se32.Saber vs. conocer33.Los mandatos34.Informal/ formal35.affirmative

36.Negative37.Irregular38.Dop + iop placement39.Nosotros commands40.Mono verbs41.Subjunctive42.Irregulars43.Trigger phrases44.Impersonal expressions45.Expressions of emotion46.Conjunctions of time47.Demonstrative adjectives 48.Demonstrative pronouns

Preterite-a completed action in the past (snap shot)

E

Aste

O

Amosaron

ArÍ

Íste

Ío

ÍmosÍeron

ErÍ

Íste

Ío

ÍmosÍeron

Ir

Trigger words

• El dia anterior- the day before• Ayer- yesterday• La semana pasada- last week• El fin de semana pasada- last weekend• El mes pasado- last month• Anoche- last night• Ya- already• Anteayer- day before yesterday

Car/gar/zar’s

• ex. Yo busqué por mi libro

Verbs w/ -car ending change to –qué

Verbs w/ -gar ending change to –gué

Verbs w/ -zar ending change to -cé

Spock verbs

Di

Diste

Dio

Dimosdieron

Dar vi

viste

vio

vimosvieron

ver fui

fuiste

fue

fuimosfueron

Ser/irHice

Hiciste

Hizo

Hicimos

hicieron

hacer

cucarachaAndar- anduv

Estar- estuv

Poder- pud

Poner- pus

Querer- quis

Saber- sup

Tener- tuv

Vener- vin

Traducir- traduj

Producir- produj

Conducir- conduj

Decir- dij

Traer- traj

É

Iste

Ó

imos

ieron

Snake verbs

• Stem changers in the preterite• Only change in the 3rd person- ex. dormir durmió

Snakey verbs

• Stem changers in the preterite• Change only in the 3rd person• Y is added- Leer leye

imperfect

• For actions repeated habitually

• For actions that “set the stage”

For another past action• For telling time• For stating age• For mental states• For physical states• To describe characteristics

of people, things, or conditions

Aba

Abas

Aba

ábamos

aban

ar Ía

ías

Ía

Íamos

ían

Er/ir

Trigger words

• A veces- sometimes• Mientras- while• Cada día- everyday • A menudo- often• Muchas veces- many times• Todos los días- everyday• Siempre- always• Frecuentemente- frequently

irregulars

Era

Eras

Era

Éramos

eran

Ser Iba

Ibas

Iba

íbamos

iban

irVeía

Veías

Veía

Veíamos

veían

ver

Preterite vs. imperfect

E

Aste

O

AmosAron

ArÍ

Íste

Ío

Ímos

Íeron

er/irAba

Abas

Aba

Ábamos

aban

ArÍa

ías

Ía

Íamos

ían

Er/ir

Irregulars- ir, ser, ver• No definite beginning or

end

Irregulars- spock, cucaracha• definite beginning or end

Ser vs. estar

• D-description• O-origin• C-characteristics• T-time• O-occupation• R-relationship• P-physical

characteristics• E-event• D-date

• H-health• E-emotional• L-location• P-physical

appearance• I • N -

ando• g

Verbs like gustar

• Show emotions about something

• Pronouns go before verb

-ex. Me gusta verde.• If object is plural, add n-ex. Les encantan las

peliculas.

Me

Te

Le

Nos

les

Comparatives/superlatives

• Show a relationship between two things.

• Comparatives use que, superlatives de más

menos

BuenoMaloViejojoven

que

El/ la másEl menos

BuenoMaloViejojoven

de

Transition words

• Aunque- even though• También- also• Mientras- while• A pesar de- inspite of • Por lo tanto- therefore• Sin embargo- nevertheless

future

• Used to tell what “will” happen

• Add endings to infinitive

-ex. hablaré

É

Ás

Á

Emos

Án

Trigger words

• maÑana• En el futuro• En el día próximo• En el año próximo

irregularsDecir- dir

Hacer- har

Poner- pondr

Salir- saldr

Tener- tendr

Valer- valdr

Venir- vendr

Poder- podr

Querer- querr

Saber- sabr

Caber- cabr

Haber- habr

É

Ás

Á

Emos

Án

por

• Passing through- portal• General rather than specific location-

portugal• How long something lasts- porever• The cause of something- porpose• An exchange- import/export• Doing something in place of

someone else• A means of transportation

para

• For whom something is done- surprise paraty

• Destination- paraguay• The purpose for which something is

done- parachute• To express an opinion- paradon (me)• To compare/contrast- comparason• Idea or deadline- paramedic

Demonstrative adjectives

• Describe a noun• Este- this• Ese- that• Aquel- that one over there

Demonstrative pronouns

• Describe a noun• Esto- this matter, this thing• Eso- that matter, that thing• Aquello- that matter/thing over there

conditional

• Expresses probability, possibility, or conjecture.

• “would”

Ía

Ías

Ía

íamos

ían

irregulars

• Same as future irregulars

Decir- dir

Hacer- har

Poner- pondr

Salir- saldr

Tener- tendr

Valer- valdr

Venir- vendr

Poder- podr

Querer- querr

Saber- sabr

Caber- cabr

Haber- habr

Perfect tenses

• Two parts: helping verb + past participle

• There are three main perfect tenses: present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect.

• Portray an action or state as completed and not in progress, from a different point of view.

Present

• Present tense of haber w/ past participle

• “has” or “have”-ex. He comido- I

have eaten.

He

Has

Ha

Hemos

han

past

• “had”-ex. Había vivido- I

had lived.

habÍa

habÍas

habÍa

habíamos

habían

Present perfect irregulars

• Hemos puesto- we have put• Han escrito- they have written• He abierto- I have opened• Ha muerto- she has died• Han visto- you all have seen• Ha dicho- you (formal) have said• Has vuelto- you have returned• Hemos hecho- we have done

Subjunctive perfect

• Compound tense of the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb.

Perfect subjunctiveYoTú

El/ellaNosotros

Ellos

HayaHayasHaya

Hayamoshayan

+hablado+Comido+vivido

Tanto & tan

To form comparisons of equalities with nouns.Tanto (-a,-os,-as) + noun + como

-ex. Talia tiene tanto dinero como lola.

To form comparisons of equalities with adjectives or adverbs.Tan + adj (adverb) + como

-ex. El libro es tan bueno como la película.

Impersonal se

• Verbs always 3rd person and followed by a direct object.

• Se + 3rd person singular-ex. Se habla espaŇol.

Saber vs. conocer

Saber

• To know a fact, to know something thoroughly, to know how to do something.

• -ex. Lola sabe conducir.

Conocer

• To be acquainted with a person, place, or thing.

• - ex. Conozco talia.

Los mandatos

• Used to directly address someone and give them an order

• Can be formal or informal• Can be nosotros• Can be affirmative or negative

informal/formal

Informal/formal

Informal mandatos are in the tú form and can be affirmative or negative.-ex. Compra los dulces

formal mandatos are in the ud. form and can be affirmative or negative.-ex. Compre el anillo.

affirmative

formal

•Same as present subjunctive

•Yo form, drop the –o, add –e for –ar verbs or –a for er/ir verbs

•-ex. hable

Informal

•Same as present indicative form ud. Form

•-ar + a•- er/ir +

e•- ex.

habla

negative

formal•Use the same

form as formal affirmative

•-ex. No coma

Informal•Use same form

as present subjunctive

•-ex. No comas.

Irregular

Decir- di

Hacer- haz

Ir- ve

Poner- pon

Salir- sal

Ser- sé

Tener-

ten

Venir-

ven

Dop & iop placement

• Placed before verb

• Answer the questions of who? & what?

• Placed before verb

• Answer the questions of to whom? & for whom?

Me

Te

Lo, la

Nos

Los, las

dop me

Te

Le

Nos

les

iop

Nosotros commands

• Used when speaker is included, used to express lets + verb

• Opposite nosotros ending-ex. Comamos allí.• For negative, just add no before verb

Mono verbs

• With affirmative nosotros commands, the final “s” is dropped before adding the pronouns –nos or –se

-ex. Sentemos + nos = sentémonos• But with negative nosotros

commands, the pronoun comes before the verb

-ex. No nos sentemos.

subjunctive• Used to express everything

but certainty and objectivity• Start w/ “yo” form of present

indicative, drop the –o ending, and add the following endings

• For stem-changers, formula applies but no stem change in nosotros.

-ex. Piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, piensen

• For –ir stem changing verbs, the formular applies except nosotros changes to o:U, E:I

-ex. Durmamos, sintamos, pidamos

e

Es

E

Emos

en

arA

As

A

Amos

an

Er/ir

irregulars

• Car, gar, zars

• Tvdishes-ex. Dar

DéDesDé

Demosden

-ex. estarestéEstésesté

estemosestén

-ex. irVayaVayasVaya

Vayamos

vayan

-ex. SerSeaSeasSea

Seamossean

Trigger phases

• A menos que…• Antes que…• Cuando…• Dudar que…• En cuanto…• Es bueno que…• Es imposible

que…• Es malo que…

• querer que…• sin que…• Negar que…• hasta que…• En raro que…• Es mejor que…• Es posible

que…• Esperar que…

Impersonal expressions

• Triggers of the subjunctive

Conviene que…

Es bueno que…

Es importante que…

Es fácil que…

Es malo que…

Es necesario

que…

Es preciso que…

Es mejor que…

Es probable

que…

Expressions of emotionsalegrarse de que- to be happy that

es bueno que- it's good that

es conveniente que- it's convenient that

es difícil que- it's hard

es extraño que- it's strange that

es fácil que- it's easy

es increíble que- it's incredible that

es interesante- it's interesting that

es inútil que- it's useless that (there's no point)

es justo que- it's fair that

es (una) lástima que- it's a pity that

es malo que- It's ( too) bad that

es mejor que- it's better that

es peor que- it's worse that

es preferible que- it's preferable that

es raro que- it's strange that

es triste que- it's sad that

es útil que- it's useful that

Conjuctions of time

así que- as soon as

Cuando- when

despues de que- after

en cuanto- as soon as

hasta que- until

luego que- as soon as

tan pronto como- as soon as

Demonstrative adjectives

• Describe a noun• Este- this• Ese- that• Aquel- that one over there

Demonstrative pronouns

• Describe a noun• Esto- this matter, this thing• Eso- that matter, that thing• Aquello- that matter/thing over there