History of Hypertext and Hypermedia

history ofhypertext & hypermedia

geschiedenis van de informatica - 30 maart 2009

erik duvalK.U.Leuven

http://www.cs.kuleuven.be/~erikd 1

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Timing?input from my students...

•Teletext: 1970?

• telefoonbanking: 1990?

•encyclopedie: Larousse? 18de eeuw?

•encarta: 1995

• telegraaf: 1850?

Monday 30 March 2009

•1907: Paul Otlet

•1945: Vannevar Bush, memex

•1967: Andy van Dam, Hypertext Editing System

•1968: Doug Englebart, NLS

•1975: Carnegie-Mellon, ZOG/KMS

•1985: Brown, Intermedia

•1986: Owl, Guide

•1987: Apple, Hypercard

•1987: Hypertext 87

•1991: CERN, WWW5

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Paul Otlet•Belgian, 1868-1944

• lawyer, bibliographer, internationalist

•background

•“proliferation and disorderly state ofthe literature in the social sciences”

•“there is too much to read”

• ‘monographic principle’: text chunks on cards

• facts, interpretation of facts, statistics, sources

•systematic reorganization of knowledgeMonday 30 March 2009

Paul Otlet

• Universal BibliographicRepertory

• 1912: >250.000 images

• 1934: >15 million cards

• searches until early 1970s!

• Universal Decimal Classification (based on DDC)

• foresaw technological development:

• screens, loudspeakers, distant access ... even VR

• network of libraries, archives, museums ... Internet

• Mundaneum Mons: http://www.mundaneum.be

Monday 30 March 2009

Paul Otlet

•outmoded positivist paradigm

• true hypertext does notdestroy original document

•more:

• W. Boyd Rayward. Visions of Xanadu: Paul Otlet (1868-1944) and Hypertext. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 45(4):235-250, 1994, pp. 235-250.

• http://nytimes.com/2008/06/17/science/17mund.html

• http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~buckland/otlet.html

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Vannevar Bush, Memex• 1890-1974

• science advisor to Roosevelt

• explosion of scientific information

• mechanical solution: memory extender

• “device in which an individual stores all his books, record and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility”

• medium: microfilm, scanner, handwriting

• several parallel screens (cfr. windows)

• associative indexing

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Vannevar Bush, Memex

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Vannevar Bush, Memex

• trails: set of links that would combine information relevant to a perspective or a topic

• professional trail blazers

• trails can be published

• popular exposure (Time, Life), never got built

• Vannevar Bush. As we may think. Athlantic Monthly, 1945.

• http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/computer/bushf.htm

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Ted Nelson, Xanadu• coined ‘hypertext’ (1965)

• design for a new literature

• all the world’s literature

• address any substring of any doc from any doc

• never delete text because may have been linked to

•most recent version always retrievable

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Ted Nelson, Xanadu

• royalties to original author based on bytes seen by reader

• reader can always request full version of original text (and thus context)

• vision never implemented

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Ted Nelson, Xanadu

Monday 30 March 2009

Ted Nelson, Xanadu

•more:

•Theordor Holm Nelson. Litterary Machines 93.1. Mindful Press.

•http://ted.hyperland.com/

•http://www.xanadu.net/

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9kAW8qeays

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D. Engelbart, Augment

•Stanford Research Institute

• invented interactive computing (mouse, windows, groupware, ...)

• team went to Xerox PARC

•now: bootstrap institute

• http://www.bootstrap.org/

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Monday 30 March 2009

D. Engelbart, Augment• demo at 1968 Fall

Joint Computer Conference

• video, microwave transmission, ...

• http://sloan.stanford.edu/mousesite/1968Demo.html

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4kp9Ciy1nE

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19http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4kp9Ciy1nE

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http://cfdj.sys-con.com/read/536976.htmMonday 30 March 2009

http://cfdj.sys-con.com/read/536976.htmMonday 30 March 2009

http://cfdj.sys-con.com/read/536976.htmMonday 30 March 2009

http://cfdj.sys-con.com/read/536976.htmMonday 30 March 2009

Fast forward to … now :) !

http://flash.kmi.open.ac.uk:8080/fm/fmm.php?code=c785a5-890&room=fm890

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TextText

Monday 30 March 2009

Fast forward to … now :) !

http://flash.kmi.open.ac.uk:8080/fm/fmm.php?code=c785a5-890&room=fm890

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TextText

http://hyperscope.org/

Monday 30 March 2009

Fast forward to … now :) !

http://flash.kmi.open.ac.uk:8080/fm/fmm.php?code=c785a5-890&room=fm890

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TextText

http://hyperscope.org/

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3914718330476864051&q=doug+engelbart

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http://www.designinginteractions.com/22

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http://programforthefuture.org/23

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http://programforthefuture.org/23

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1978: Aspen Movie Map

http://www.naimark.net/projects/aspen.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hf6LkqgXPMU

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1985: intermedia

http://www.useit.com/papers/hypertext-history/

•Brown, Andy Van Dam

• linking protocol for apps to link to and from documents

•separate webs with links for each user

•designed for educational use

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• CERN: loose projects, international,

• complex equipment

• 1989: proposal, T.Berners-Lee&R. Cailliau

• 1990: ECHT, info.cern.ch

• 1991: release browser for Next, line mode browser, server code on alt.hypertext, comp.infosystems.www, telnet to line-mode browser, Hypertext91: rejected, only connected demo

• 1993: Jan: 50 servers, Feb: Mosaic (NCSA), March: Lynx, April: CERN code public, info.cern.ch 10 Khits/day, Oct: 200 servers

• 1994: March: 1st conference

• Oct: 2nd conference, Dec: 1st w3c meeting

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Why successful?

Monday 30 March 2009

Why successful?•open systems approach

•standardized specifications for interoperability

•backwards compatible with legacy data(can access gopher, ftp, news, wais, ...)

•designed to be decentralized:

•no central link database (hence consistency less assured)

•no ‘compilation’ into specific format

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http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/484

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Thanks!

Questions?http://erikduval.wordpress.com/http://www.cs.kuleuven.be/~erikd

Monday 30 March 2009