HPHY 212 Week 3, lecture 2 publications-fall 2014

Wikipedia project

What’s the story?What do you need to know?

This photo shows the damage done to bicyclist Laurie Nommsen-Rivers' helmet after a pick-up truck hit her on MLK Blvd. on August 29, 2014.(Photo: Provided by Laurie A. Nommsen-Rivers)

Thankfully, a helmet is much more than a "piece of Styrofoam." As a recent scientific study reports, the risk of severe brain injury after head impact at 12 mph (realistic in downtown traffic) is 99.9 percent without a helmet, but declines to 9.3 percent with a helmet.

My experience corroborates these results. After being struck by the truck and swept under it, I will never forget the split second when I saw the truck axle coming straight at my head and thinking my life was over.

Learning objectives

• Distinguish and recall steps of the peer review process. (finish from Monday)

• Recognize that science in the news comes from science research.

• Identify the differences between a case study, a scientific study, a review or a meta-analysis for a scholarly article.

• Review creating a hypothesis to research.

What does peer-review look like?

WHAT IS A PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE?

http://vimeo.com/27119325

Peer Review ProcessManuscript (potential article)

Sent to journal editor

Blind review Blind review Blind review

Sent to three to five experts in the field

Manuscript (potential article)

1. Accept2. Revise3. Reject

Anatomy of a Journal Article

You found the perfect criteria for showing that a student-athlete was fully recovered from a concussion, how would you let the world know?

Practice telling the story: ulcers

Send someone from your group for a stack of

① Citations② Articles

①Match the citations to the article②Fix the citations③Put them in chronological order④What’s the story these citations tell?

Legislation about concussions

4 1

23

Event happens

Arrange on the cycle

A. Newspapers/magazines

B. Books/moviesC. LegislationD. Blogs/twitter/FB/tv/

radioE. Journal articles

Legislation about concussions

4 1

23

Event happens

Blogs/twitter/FB/TV/radio

Newspapers/magazines

Journal articles based on research

Books/movies

4 1

23

Research

Arrange in order

A. news –( twitter,TV, blogs, newspapers)

B. chapter/book/textbook

C. journal article D. peer-review

process E. Poster/

conference talk

4 1

23

Peer review process

Journal article

News (twitter,

blogs, TV, newspaper)

Poster/conference

talk Chapter/

book/textbook

Research

Boolean operators

AND OR

Fix and Tell

What’s the story?

“When I won this, my grandma, who lives in Fargo, North Dakota, wanted to see it…[I]t was uneventful, until I tried to leave ... It was in my laptop bag. It’s made of gold, so it absorbs all the X-rays—it’s completely black. And they had never seen anything completely black.

“They’re like, ‘Sir, there’s something in your bag.’I said, ‘Yes, I think it’s this box.’They said, ‘What’s in the box?’I said, ‘a large gold medal,’ as one does.So they opened it up and they said, ‘What’s it made out of?’I said, ‘gold.’And they’re like, ‘Uhhhh. Who gave this to you?’‘The King of Sweden.’‘Why did he give this to you?’‘Because I helped discover the expansion rate of the universe was accelerating.’At which point, they were beginning to lose their sense of humor. I explained to them it was a Nobel Prize, and their main question was, ‘Why were you in Fargo?’

Astrophysicist Brian Schmidt - 2011 Nobel Physics Prize for co-discovering dark energy

Wikipedia project

What are we going to do next to tell the story?

Your ideas included:A. Fix the citations (find better sources, fix dead links, etc.)B. Fix the citations and check for accuracy (see if the

articles say what the wiki entry says they should say, are there better sources to use for those sections/improve the citations, etc.)

C. Improve the citations used and revise the existing information in the article.

D. Expand the article (sports concussions, gender differences, treatment options, brain activity, severity, causes, etc.)

E. Do research on a concussion related topic of your own.

Vote:A. Fix the citations and check for accuracy (see if

the articles say what the wiki entry says they should say, are there better sources to use for those sections/improve the citations, etc.)

B. Expand the article (sports concussions, gender differences, treatment options, brain activity, severity, causes, etc.)

C. Wikipedia To-Do ListD. Wikipedia images listE. Other

Using the spreadsheets you created

Find the 5 most cited articles in the wikipedia article on concussions

circle your answers on the spreadsheets

Reference number

Cited by

Concussion

Reference number

Cited by (GS)

Part of the title

7 1015 "Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 3rd International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2008.” Journal of athletic training.

77 796 Alexander MP (1995). "Mild traumatic brain injury: Pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management". Neurology 45 (7): 1253–60.

34 679 (April 2005). "Summary and agreement statement of the 2nd International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Prague 2004". Br J Sports Med 39 (4): 196–204

19 670 (2002). "Summary and agreement statement of the first International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001*". British Journal of Sports Medicine 36 (1): 6–10.

Your results so far: Concussion

Reference number

Times Cited (WoS)

Part of the title

90 616 Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Wald MM (2006). "The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: A brief overview". J of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 21 (5): 375–8.

77 429 Alexander MP (1995). "Mild traumatic brain injury: Pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management". Neurology 45 (7): 1253–60.

34 316 (April 2005). "Summary and agreement statement of the 2nd International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Prague 2004". Br J Sports Med 39 (4): 196–204

31 202 Iverson GL (2005). "Outcome from mild traumatic brain injury". Current Opinion in Psychiatry 18 (3): 301–17. doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000165601.29047.ae. PMID 16639155.

19 162 (2002). "Summary and agreement statement of the first International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001*". British Journal of Sports Medicine 36 (1): 6–10.

Your results so far: Concussion

Data anomalies?

Explain the steps of the google form

• Look up the article.• Look it up in WoS and GS• Citation count

Level of ev idence?

Hierarchy of Evidence or

levels of evidence

Meta-analyses Review Scientific studies

(e.g., cross-sectional vs longitudinal, randomised controlled trials)

Case reports

Hierarchy of Evidence –

Meta-analyses

Scientific studies

Case studies

Reviews

Concussions – wiki referencesHow many are…..

Meta-analyses = 12

Scientific studies = 52

Case studies = 11

Reviews = 28

Case Reports

….in a service-member exposed to a large ordinance explosion.

#13 - Concussion entry

Scientific Study

We tested patients with bilateral damage to orbito-frontal cortex (n = 5) and unilateral damage in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (n = 5) on a series of theory of mind tasks varying in difficulty.

#36 -TBI

Scientific study

…longitudinally examine how concussion affects gait….

Adolescents (N=20) identified as suffering a concussion were matched with healthy control subjects (N=20) and tested 5 times across a 2-month period after injury.

Case Reports• chief complaint • Diagnosis• treatment, and • deviation from the expected

Observations , not planned studies

Scientific studies

includes: randomized controlled trials

cross-sectionaland/or longitudinal studies

In addition to the parts of a scholarly article this article describes how the authors

Test a hypothesis

A good clinical trial will use these 3 guiding principles

• Compare like with like• The bigger the group studied the more

reliable the conclusions• Bayes theorem: things that should be true

and have good supporting evidence to back them up, are likely to be true

For more details see Appendix 1 of:Greenhalgh T. How to Read a Paper: The Basics of Evidence-based Medicine. 3rd ed. BMJ Books;

2006.

Meta-analysis

SEARCH STRATEGY:

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:Three reviewers independently evaluated the quality of the relevant trials using the validated Oxford-Scale (Jadad 1996) and extracted the data ….

Pooled data from the three trials with 327 patients that reported mortality, showed a significant reduction in the risk of dying when HBOT was added to the treatment regimen (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.88, P=0.003).

#54 - TBI

Meta-analysis

• Single focused question or overview of several related questions

• + data sources, study selection, data extraction, data synthesis

• An analysis of the data.

Review

Discrepancies across studies in the definition of minor, mild, and moderate head injuries….

#28 - concussion

Systematic ReviewsReviews

Went through literature and found all articles on a topic.

Similar to what you might do for a really well researched term paper.

Bibliographies of these papers are a goldmine.

1. 2.

3. 4.

Where in the Hierarchy of Evidence?1. Rábago, C. A., & Wilken, J. M. (2011). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=22027473

A. Meta analysisB. ReviewC. Scientific Study D. Case studies

Where in the Hierarchy of Evidence?2. Parker, T. M., Osternig, L. R., Van Donkelaar, P., & Chou, L.-S. (2006)http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=16775541

A. Meta analysisB. ReviewC. Scientific Study D. Case studies

Where in the Hierarchy of Evidence?

3. Broglio, S. P., & Puetz, T. W. (2008).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=18081367

A. Meta analysisB. ReviewC. Scientific Study D. Case studies

Where in the Hierarchy of Evidence?4. Leddy, J. J., Sandhu, H., Sodhi, V., Baker, J. G., & Willer, B. (2012). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=23016082

A. Meta analysisB. ReviewC. Scientific Study D. Case studies

Suggested reading - hierarchy of evidence

Greenhalgh, T. (1997). How to read a paper. Getting your bearings (deciding what the paper is about). BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 315(7102), 243–6. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2127173/pdf/9253275.pdf

Understanding and using the Hierarchy of Evidencehttps://hive.library.uwa.edu.au/hive/cache/202902/hive.cgi/zip/202902/LO2ACQ_FBE/html/understand.html