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Notes on the Industrial Revolution for AP World History
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Ways of the World Strayer
Revolution and Industrialization
1750-1914
http://www.youtube.com/v/B3u4EFTwprM&index=33&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9
Video link
At the heart of the Industrial Revolution lay a great acceleration in the rate of technological innovation, leading to enormous increases in the output of goods and services.
use of new energy sources (steam engines, petroleum engines)
before 1750/1800, the major Eurasian civilizations were about equal technologically
greatest breakthrough was the steam engine agriculture was transformed spread from Britain to Western Europe, then
to the United States, Russia, and Japan
•Explaining the Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was one of the most significant elements of Europe’s modern transformation.initial industrialization period was 1750–1900drew on the Scientific Revolution utterly transformed European society pushed Europe into a position of global
dominance was more fundamental than any
breakthrough since the Agricultural Revolution
We don’t know where we are in the industrial era—at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end.
the fact that other parts of the world have had times of great technological and scientific flourishing
Islamic world 750–1100 CE India was the center of cotton textile production
and source of many agricultural innovations China led the world in technological innovation
between 700 and 1400 CE all had slowed or stagnated by the early modern
era the fact that Europe did not enjoy any overall
economic advantage as late as 1750 across Eurasia, life expectancy, consumption and
nutrition patterns, wage levels, living standards, etc., were broadly similar in the eighteenth century
Why Europe?
why it might have occurred in Europe some patterns of European internal development
favored innovation small, highly competitive states
European rulers had an unusual alliance with merchant classes
it was in governments’ interest to encourage commerce and innovation
in Venice and Holland, merchants controlled the state
other societies developed market-based economies by the eighteenth century (e.g., Japan, India, and China)
but Europe was at the center of the most varied exchange network
contact with culturally different peoples encouraged change and innovation
quest for the products and ideas of Asia competition with Indian cotton cloth manufacture popularity of other Asian goods prompted imitation the Americas provided silver, raw materials, and foods
Britain was the most commercialized of Europe’s larger countries
small farmers had been pushed out (enclosure movement)
market production fueled by a number of agricultural innovations
guilds had largely disappeared ready supply of industrial workers with
few options British aristocrats were interested in
commerce
British political life encouraged commercialization and economic innovation
policy of religious toleration (established 1688) welcomed people with technical skills regardless of faith
British government imposed tariffs to protect its businessmen
it was easy to form companies and forbid workers’ unions
patent laws protected inventors’ interests checks on royal authority gave more room
for private enterprise
Why Britain
emphasis of the Scientific Revolution was different in Great Britain
on the continent: logic, deduction, mathematical reasoning
in Britain: observation and experiment, measurement, mechanical devices, practical applications
in Britain, artisan/craftsman inventors were in close contact with scientists and entrepreneurs
Britain had plenty of coal and iron ore, often conveniently located
Britain was not devastated by the Napoleonic wars
Questions: Explaining the Industrial Revolution
1. In what respects did the roots of the Industrial Revolution lie within Europe?
2. In what ways did that transformation have global roots?
3. What was distinctive about Britain that may help to explain why the Industrial Revolution began there?
There was a massive increase in output as industrialization took hold in Britain.
rapid development of railroad systems much of the dramatic increase was in
mining, manufacturing, and services agriculture became less important by
comparison (in 1891, agriculture generated only 8 percent of British national income)
The First Industrial Society
The British Aristocracy landowning aristocrats had little
material loss in the Industrial Revolution but the aristocracy declined, because
urban wealth became more important aristocrats had declining political clout i.
e.g., high tariffs on agricultural imports were abolished in 1840s
by 1900, businessmen led the major political parties
titled nobles retained great social prestige and personal wealth
The Middle Classes Upper middle class: some became extremely
wealthy, bought into aristocratic life The middle classes had the most obvious
gains from industrialization middle class: large numbers of smaller
businessmen and professionals politically liberal stood for thrift, hard work, rigid morals, and
cleanliness Samuel Smiles, Self-Help (1859): individuals
are responsible for their own destiny middle-class women were more frequently cast
as homemakers,wives, and mothers
The First Industrial Society
lower middle class: service sector workers (clerks, secretaries, etc.)
by 1900, they were around 20 percent of Britain’s population
employment opportunities for women as well as men
almost all were single and expected to marry and give up jobs
in the nineteenth century, about 70 percent of Britons were workers
laboring classes suffered most/benefited least from industrialization
rapid urbanization by 1851, a majority of Britain’s population
was urban by 1900, London was the largest city in
the world (6 million)
The Laboring Classes
horrible urban conditions vast overcrowding inadequate sanitation and water supplies Epidemics few public services or open spaces little contact between the rich and the
poor industrial factories offered a very
different work environment long hours, low wages, and child labor
were typical for the poor many girls and young women worked
usually left outside paid employment when they married
Jacob RiisMulberry Bend 1896
“friendly societies,” especially of artisans, for self-help were common
other skilled artisans sometimes wrecked machinery and burned mills
some joined political movements, aimed to enfranchise working-class men
trade unions were legalized in 1824 fought for better wages and working
conditions
Social Protest among the Laboring Classes
Socialist ideas spread gradually Karl Marx (1818–1883) laid out a full ideology
of socialism in his own time, saw a growing hostility between
the bourgeoisie and the proletariat argued that capitalism can never end poverty foretold a future (communist) golden age when
industrial technology would serve the whole community
socialist ideas were attractive among more radical trade unionists and some middle-class intellectuals in the late nineteenth century
British working-class movement remained moderate
material conditions for workers improved in second half of the century
capitalists and impoverished working class didn’t polarize because of the large middle and lower middle class
wages improved cheap imported food improved diets infant death rates fell male workers gradually got the vote sanitary reform cleaned up cities
but immense inequalities remained
Questions: The First Industrial Society
1. How did the Industrial Revolution transform British society?
2. How did Britain’s middle classes change during the nineteenth century?
3. How did Karl Marx view the Industrial Revolution?
4. In what ways did his ideas have an impact in the industrializing world of the 19th century?
The Industrial Revolution soon spread to continental Western Europe.
industrialization had broadly similar outcomes wherever it was established
aristocratic, artisanal, and peasant classes declined
middle-class women withdrew from paid labor altogether
women received lower wages than men, were accused of taking jobs from men
establishment of trade unions and socialist movements
Variations on a Theme: Comparing Industrialization in the United States and Russia
The spread of industrialization was affected by the cultures of the lands where it was established, pace and timing of industrialization, nature of major industries, role of the state, political expression of social conflict, etc.
French industrialization was slower, perhaps less disruptive
Germany focused at first on heavy industry
was far more concentrated in huge companies
generated a more militant and Marxist-oriented labor movement
American industrialization began with New England textiles (1820s)
Explosive growth after the Civil War by 1914, the United States was the world’s leading
industrial power Europeans provided around one-third of the capital
investment
The U.S. government played an important role through tax breaks, land grants to railroads, laws making formation of corporations easy, absence of overt regulation
Pioneering of mass production techniques Creation of a “culture of consumption” through
advertising, catalogs, and department stores Self-made industrialists became cultural heroes
(Ford, Carnegie, Rockefeller)
The United States: Industrialization without Socialism
Serious social divisions rose growing gap between rich and poor constant labor of the working class creation of vast slums growing labor protest
Why didn’t socialism appeal to American workers?
U.S. union organizations were relatively conservative
American Federation of Labor focused on skilled workers
American workers had a higher standard of living than did their European counterparts
middle-class aspirations of white-collar workers
“Populists” denounced corporate interests
but populism had little appeal in growing industrial areas
“Progressives” were more successful, especially after 1900
Aimed to remedy the ills of industrialization
Socialism was labeled as fundamentally “un-American”
Video Link
How was industrialization in the US similar to in Europe?
How was industrialization in the US different from in Europe?
Questions
Russia was an absolute monarchy, with the greatest state control of anywhere in the Western world
in 1900: no national parliament, no legal political parties, no nationwide elections
until 1861, most Russians were serfs in Russia, the state, not society, usually
initiated change the state set out to improve Russia’s
economic and industrial backwardness
Russia: Industrialization and Revolution
Russian Industrial Revolution was launched by the 1890s
focused on railroads and heavy industry substantial foreign investment industry was concentrated in a few major
cities Growing middle class disliked Russia’s
deep conservatism, sought greater role in political life but they were dependent on the state for
contracts and jobs also relied on the state to suppress
worker radicalism
Russian working class (only about 5 percent of the population) rapidly radicalized
No legal outlet for grievances Large-scale strikes
Marxist socialism appealed to some educated Russians, gave them hope for the future
Founded the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party (1898)
Got involved in workers’ education, union organizing, and revolutionary action
Major insurrection broke out in 1905, after defeat in war by Japan
In Moscow and St. Petersburg, workers went on strike, created their own representative councils (“soviets”)
Non-Russian nationalities revolted Brutally suppressed, but forced the tsar’s
regime to make reforms Granted a constitution Legalized trade unions and
political parties Created a national assembly (the
Duma)
Setting the Stage
Russia falls behind the West industrially.
1854-1856 Crimean War: fought on the Black Sea. Western forces damaged the Russian army's entrenched positions.
1855: Alexander II is convinced that it is time for change!
Reform under Alexander IIFor two decades, Russia engages in
reform, based on Western standards.1861: Emancipation of the serfs-serfs got
a piece of land they used to work.Creates a large labor forceZemstvoes: local political councils
regulating roads, schools, and other regional policies.
Literacy increasesIncreased Women’s rights
Industrialization
Trans-Siberian Railroad: connected European Russia with the Pacific.
Stimulated iron and coal industries.Export of grain to the West.Factories began to spring up throughout
Russia.
Trans-Siberian Railroad
By the 1880’s…Russia’s railroad network had quintupled
since 1860Modern Factories were in St. Petersburg
and Moscow.Influx of foreign interests under Count
Sergei Witte, Minister of Finance from 1892-1903.High tariffs to support Russian industryEncourage Western investors
Russian (radical) ReformersIntelligentsia: Russian term for
articulate intellectuals as a class.Wanted political freedom and deep social
reform.Wanted a different society than that in the
West (which they saw as materialistic)Anarchists: desired to abolish all forms
of government.Heated opposition to tsarist autocracy
The good, the bad, and well, that’s it
The GoodBy 1900, Russia surges to #4 in the world in
steel productionSecond only to the US in petroleum
production and refining
The BadRussian factories were
huge, but not up to Western technical standards
Labor force was not highly skilled
Backwards agricultural production system
Largely illiterate peasant class which lacks capital
Lack of middle-class
ReformersBy the 1870’s
Alexander II is pulling back on reforms.Censorship, dissidents
arrested, etc.Alexander II is
assassinated by a terrorist bomb in 1881Successors continue
industrialization, but continue political repression as well.
Persecution of the Jewish minority.Pogroms: mass executions
of Jews
Reformers Socialism: Marxist doctrine spreads from the West to RussiaLenin claimed that a
proletariat was developing worldwide due to the spread of international capitalism, in advance of growing industrialization.
Bolsheviks: group of Russian Marxists, who formed the majority party.
UnrestWorking class unrest grows
in the cities, aided by the undercurrents of socialism being pushed by the intelligentsia.
Russian workers radicalize much more than Western counterparts Unions, strikes Become interested in the
“equality” and “freedom” of Bolshevism
Russian government under Alexander III from 1881-1894 remained stubbornly opposed to compromise
Nicholas II
Emperor from 1894-1918
The Last Imperial Emperor of Russia
Bad fortune was predicted by mystics after the Khadynka Tragedy during his coronation in 1896
Revolution!!Russo-Japanese
War: 1904, Japan wins because Russia can’t mobilize quickly.
Unleashes massive protestBrutal repression
was not well received, so reform follows.
Creation of a national parliament, the DUMA
Stolypin Reforms:Peasants gain greater freedomPeasants can buy and sell land.Kulaks: wealthy peasant farmers who
owned land and used hired laborNicholas II was unable to keep his
promises of reform.Unable to surrender the autocratic
tradition
Limited political reforms failed to pacify the radicals or bring stability
Growing belief that only a revolution would help
World War I provided the revolutionary moment
Russian Revolution broke out in 1917 Brought the most radical of the socialist
groups to power—the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin)
Only in Russia did industrialization lead to violent social revolution
Russia: Industrialization and Revolution
Questions: Comparing the US and Russia
1. What were the major differences between industrialization in the United States and in Russia
2. Why did Marxist socialism not take root in the United States?
3. What factors contributed to the making of a revolutionary situation in Russia by the beginning of the 20th century?
Beyond Europe and North America, only Japan underwent major industrialization in the nineteenth century.
Did not transform societies Non-industrialized societies still felt
the impact of European and North American developments
The Industrial Revolution Outside of Europe in the Nineteenth Century
Japan…Setting the StageTokugawa
Shogunate: Strict isolationism in Japan.Feudal society
between emperor, shogun, daimyo, and samurai
Ban on Western books was repealed in 1720
Schools of Dutch studies throughout Japan around 1850
JapanBureaucrats saw no other possibility
than to open JapanDaimyo oppose this, as do many
samurai.They appeal to the emperor (long a
religious and ceremonial figure), rather than the shogun
Samurai are split on their support…some want change, others stress conservatism
Meiji Restoration1866: Japanese Civil
War-Samurai forces defeat Shogunate forces and declare Mutsuhito, or Meiji (Enlightened One) the new emperor.
1868: Meiji Restoration-A profound period of change in Japan that will guide Japan to becoming a world power into the 20th century
The Meiji StateAbolishes
feudalismDaimyo are
replaced by nationally appointed prefects (district administrators)
Political power was centralized
Emperor and advisors enact economic and social change, quickly
The New GovernmentModeled after the GermansEmperor commanded the military
directly and directly named his ministersWestern style clothingDiet could pass laws, upon agreement of both
houses, and pass budgetsJapanese government thus includes
centralized Imperial Rule, combined with limited representative bodies copied from the WestJapan incorporated business leaders into its
governing structure, while Russia defended its traditional social elite
Japanese Industrial RevolutionCreate the conditions
necessary for industrialization… New government banks
funded growing trade and provide capital for industry
State-built railroads spread
Steamships connect the islands
Guilds and internal road tariffs are abolished…create a national market
Land Reform
Questions: Industrialization in Japan
1. Discuss the events that led to the development of industrialization in Japan
2. In what ways and with what impact was Japan linked to the global economy of the 19th century?
3. In what ways was Japan similar to Europe in the 19th century?
4. In what ways was Japan different to Europe in the 19th century?
After Independence in Latin America The four vice-royalties of Spanish America
became eighteen separate countries International wars hindered development
of the new nations Mexico lost vast territories to the United
States (1846–1848) Paraguay was devastated by war (1864–1870)
Political life was highly unstable Often, military strongmen (caudillos)
gained power They were unstable, too
The Industrial Revolution and Latin America in the Nineteenth Century
Independence brought little fundamental change to social life
Slavery was abolished (though not until late 1880s in Brazil and Cuba)
Most legal distinctions between racial categories were abolished
But creole whites remained overwhelmingly in control of productive economic resources
The vast majority were impoverished Caste War of Yucatán (1847–1901) was one
of the few rebellions of the poor
Becoming like Europe?Rapid population increaseRapid urbanizationActively sought European immigrantsFew people benefitted from the export boom
Upper middle class landowners did very wellMiddle class grew somewhatOver 90% of the population was still lower-
class
industrial workers made up a modest segment of the lower class
attempted unions and strikes harshly repressed
Only in Mexico did conditions provoke a nationwide revolution
Overthrow of the dictator Porfirio Díaz (1876–1911)
Major, bloody conflict (1910–1920) Huge peasant armies
New constitution (1917) proclaimed universal suffrage, land redistribution, disestablishment of the Catholic Church, minimum wage, eight-hour work day.
The export boom did not cause a thorough Industrial Revolution
governments supported free trade, so cheaper and higher-quality foreign goods were available than could be made at home
instead, economic growth was dependent on Europe and North America
the case of the “banana republics” under pressure from the United States
repeated U.S. military intervention
Questions: Industrialization in Latin America
1. In what ways and with what impact was Latin America linked to the global economy of the 19th century?
2. In what ways was Latin America similar to Europe in the 19th century?
3. In what ways was Latin America different to Europe in the 19th century?
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