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Slides from the organizational meeting of the Kelp Forest Ecosystem Ecology Network's first meeting at ITRS in 2014
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The Kelp Ecosystem Ecology Networkhttp://bit.ly/keen-itrs
Thomas Wernberg
Sean ConnellMark Novak John Grabowski
Bob Steneck
Jon Witman
Jen Dijskstra
Ed Parnell
Ken Dunton
Dan Reed
Kira Krumhansl
Dan Okamoto
Alison Haupt
Mike BurrowsPippa Moore
John Griffin
Nick Sheers
Isabel Sousa Pinto
Mike Burrows
Chris HepburnDan Smale
Massa Nakaoka
Jane Watson
Anne Salomon
Guillermo Torres-Moye
Gabriela Montaño-Moctezuma
Nessa O'Connor
Alejandro Perez-Matus Matt Edwards
Mike Graham
Diana Stellar
Fiorenza Micheli
Scott Hamilton
Jenn Caselle
Brenda Konar
Kyle Cavanaugh
Ken Dunton
Graham Edgar
Neville Barrett
Christie MaggsLadd Johnson
Kjell Magnus NorderhaugNova Miezkowska
AND MANY OTHERS
Not connected yet?• This is an open network – all
can join
• http://kelpecosystems.org
• Google Group: kelpecosystems
Purpose of today: Walk out of here & get running
Everything is on the table
Agenda• Network Goal• Introductions• Crowdsourcing Kelp Forest Research• Manipulation• Surveys• Infrastructure & Leadership Needs• The Way Forward
Network Goal
To understand the impact of global change on the world's kelp forests
IPCC AR5 Physical Basis Summary for Policy Makers
(°C Change from 1901-2012)
Specific Aims• Unifying & finding past kelp forest
ecology datasets for synthesis of climate influences
• Climate change kelp forest experiment(s) along thermal gradients
• Global standardized kelp forest monitoring along temperature gradients
Who are We?
Agenda• Network Goal• Introductions• Crowdsourcing Kelp Forest
Research• Manipulation• Surveys• Infrastructure & Leadership Needs• The Way Forward
Where are we getting data for Synthesis?
Synthetic Efforts• Global interaction web models• Phase shift models & Synthesis• Meta-analysis of kelp removal effects on
fish around the globe• Global kelp biogeography synthesis• Satellite mapping of canopy forming kelps
over 30 years• Analysis of all extant (and found) kelp time
series we could find
Conceptual Model
Temperature hotcold
Kelp
Rem
aini
ng
afte
r Lo
cal
Stre
ssor
(s) Is this
general?
Community Conceptual Model
Temperature hotcold
Com
mun
ity
Stru
ctur
e af
ter
Loca
l Str
esso
r(s) ?
Problems with Synthesis• Studies not designed for
hypothesized model• Excessive variation in methodology• Lack of proper regional variation in
some climatic variables• Excessive variation in other biotic
and abiotic variation
What if each of these sites had 1 experimental plot?
Fouling Communities are GAME
http://www.geomar.de/en/research/fb3/fb3-eoe/fb3-eoe-b/game/
A ZEN Philosophy
30cm
30cm
PVC anchor poles
Nutrient Diffuser
Carbaryl Block
Duffy et al. In Review, Whalen et al. 2013
Bootstrapping a Network: NutNet
Borer et al. 2013 Methods in Ecology & Evolution
Creating an Experimental Network
• Develop clear scientific goals and questions• Implement identical treatments and sampling – Use a simple, inexpensive design– Use a modular design– Use a flexible design with room for
additional studies• Start with a critical mass. • Develop clear ground rules for participation• Ensure clear benefits for participating
scientists• Plan for data management
Borer et al. 2013 Methods in Ecology & Evolution
Effort v. Reward
Individual EffortRew
ard
(gen
eral
ity, d
ata,
pub
s, e
tc.)
Lone scientist Sampling whole region
Lone scientist Travelling the world
Lone scientist at 1 site
Many scientists at 1 site each globally distributed
What does it mean to be part of KEEN?
• Implement 1 protocol (survey or experiment) at 1 site at minimum
• Share data with network
• Receive credit for data contributed
• Receive co-authorship on products
• Access to network of collaborators for future work
Many Hands, Light Work, Big Reward
• 1 Site of 1 Protocol per Team equals a *LOT* of sites if many participate over time
• Collaborations form as we all work with common data
• Collaborative add-on projects naturally result, and increase future funding
• BONs becoming more prevalent
Agenda• Network Goal• Introductions• Crowdsourcing Kelp Forest Research• Manipulation• Surveys• Infrastructure & Leadership Needs• The Way Forward
Background• If a local disturbance removes kelp,
will it recover?• Higher temperatures appear to affect
reproduction and juvenile stages across taxa.
• Hence, recovery from local disturbance should decrease as kelps reach thermal limits.
Exploiting Gradients
Alternate Hypotheses
hotcold hotcold
hotcold
Kelp
Rec
over
y fr
om
Rem
oval
Site Temperature Relative to Kelp Thermal Limit
hotcold
Impact of Warming on Recovery Local Acclimation
Thermal Stress Region Specific Variation
Current Plan• Many sites along a thermal gradient
• 3 controls, 1 removal per site (finalized at ITRS)
• 8m radius removal during time of disturbance
• Sample central 4m for kelps, sessile species, mobile demersal species
• Resample during peak growing season
Standardizing Conditions• Relatively low-moderate wave exposure• Site has kelp!!• Minimal urchin presence• Manipulation at or just before natural
period of high disturbance• Reserves where possible? (nixed at ITRS)• 5-12m, depending on local kelp biology
10 1
47
11 12
2
3
56
8
98m radius
1mN
Points for Discussion• Tiered experiment–Must clear and count kelp– Other measurements optional?
• Replication – many levels v. site-level replication
• Others?
Add-ons?• Wave exposure• Additional sensors• Recruitment collection• Assessing other site
characteristics• Vary size of removals• Etc.
Agenda• Network Goal• Introductions• Crowdsourcing Kelp Forest Research• Manipulation• Surveys• Infrastructure & Leadership Needs• The Way Forward
Objectives• Look across wider range of variability
of environmental covariates: Wave exposure
• Ask how whole communities are affected
Kevin Lee
Hypotheses
1) Temperature modifies wave effects 2) Kelp removal influences community structure3) Temperature and waves affect community structure
CommunityStructure
Temperature*WaveInteraction
WaveDisturbance
Kelp Abundance
TemperatureRelative to KelpThermal Limit
Kelp inPrev. Year
2
1
3 3
Sampling
• 40m transect, n=4/site• Combination of techniques for
different species• Width of fish transects vary regionally
Thanks SBC LTER, NZ MPA Sampling, REEF Project, Tasmanian MPA monitoring, PISCO
But I HAVE a Sampling Program…
• What would you need to make the data compatible?
• Add a quad or two, or only give us half of the data – no problem!
Standardization• Year 0 = on a rocky reef that is not
an urchin barren
• Transects placed in stratified random manner annually (unless you are already working off permanent ones)
• Sampling at peak growth/abundance season (typically mid-summer)
Points for Discussion• Replication – n=4/site?
• 1 site/group enough?
• Tiered observations?– Kelp, urchins, & sessile cover/abundance required– Temperature loggers required– Which others are mandatory?– Other sensors to think about (must be cheap!)
• Others?
Add-ons• Seasonal sampling• Gradients of urchin abundance• MPAs• Other stressors (nutrients, urbanization)• Epiphytes and Epibionts• Other measures of community function
(e.g., grazing pressure)
Agenda• Network Goal• Introductions• Crowdsourcing Kelp Forest Research• Manipulation• Surveys• Infrastructure & Leadership Needs• The Way Forward
Data InfrastructureData collected
in the field in standardized manner
Data enteredwith standardized format
Data curatedat central archive
Member "Packet"• All the methods, protocols,
equipment needs• All data sheets provided for a
given region• Visual ID guide for a region• Standard data entry forms
Thank you, SBC LTER!
Data Sharing• Data open within network– Fully open after 1st publication
• Observational data open outside of network (with collaboration invited)• Individual scholar observational
data citation?• Collaboration instead of competition
Authorship• For first publication, data
contribution = authorship• For subsequent contributions,
request collaboration within network, but collaboration = more than just data
• All data sets use archive with DOI– Each dataset by group individually citable
http://goo.gl/ObpOz6
Community Broader Impacts
• Starting with Zooniverse
• Kelp Forest Ecology Blog– If everyone writes even once every other
month, this will be huge
• Bi-Monthly Science Hangouts– Archived, can be used for classes, etc.
Regional Co-ordination• Gulf of Maine: Jarrett Byrnes• Eastern Canada: Pat Gagnon• W. Australia & S. Africa: Thomas Wernberg• Alaska/Arctic: Brenda Konar• Western S. America: Alejandro Perez-Matus• New Zealand: Nick Shears (open to more)• Southern CA/Baja: Matt Edwards• Central CA – Pacific Northwest: Alison Haupt• Eastern/South Australia: Adriana Vergés• European Coast: ? (Thomas for Now)• UK/Ireland: Pippa Moore• Scandinavia: ?
Agenda• Network Goal• Introductions• Crowdsourcing Kelp Forest Research• Manipulation• Surveys• Infrastructure & Leadership Needs• The Way Forward
1 site. 1 method. From everybody. In the next 1-2 years.
Support & Activities to Date
• NCEAS working group• Zooniverse Project• Nick Shear's Grad Student• Manipulations & Surveys in Gulf
of Maine• Others?
Reviews of NSF Proposal1. Preliminary Data Lacking
2. Need to consider acclimation
3. Experiment: n=1 with many sites versus n>3 with fewer sites
Basically, want proof that this is already happening & will work
Network funding
Regional Global
The Plan Going Forward• Regional leadership to build packets &
co-ordinate regional researchers
• 1 site. From everybody. In the next 1-2 years.
• Funding quest…– Add this to your broader
impacts/justification!
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