View
278
Download
1
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
https://twitter.com/KeystoneHPSR
Building the HPSR Community Building HPSR Capacity
KEYSTONE
Inaugural KEYSTONE Course on Health Policy and Systems Research 2015
Ethnography
Ethnography
Let us enlist a few problems in HPSR that we want to study
Overview
I. Studying human behavior
II. Meaning of ‘qualitative’
III. Ethnography
I. STUDYING HUMAN BEHAVIOUR
Human behavior
Meaning of human behaviour
• Neither fully random nor completely structured
• Not based on ‘fact’, ‘truth’, ‘scientific knowledge’ or rationality (pure reason)
• Often based good or bad
• Derived from morals, values, habits, traditions, opinions, ethics, ideology, impressions, conscience, agency, will, beliefs, choices, aesthetics, emotions, desire, guilt etc. (practical reason)
• Human behavior is ‘social’, ‘cultural’ - through culture, we share a sediment of values, patterns of imagination, expectations and behavior
• Our behavior is not only collective but also interactive and interpretative
• Behaviour gets influenced by perceptions and imagery people have
14-Mar-16 Dr. N. Nakkeeran, IIPHG 7
Human behavior
Meaning
• Response to a behavior depends meaning that is attributed to it.
• No ‘grand theory’ or laws to predict or even understand human behavior
• Human behavior cannot be understood as objects of external reality but understood from within.
• More than objective meaning there is subjective meaning to human behavior which is more important / Emic
• Interpretative understanding of human actions.
• Intentionality of human action and its interpretation
14-Mar-16 Dr. N. Nakkeeran, IIPHG 9
Meaning of human behaviour
Ever-growing reliance upon objectivecriteria of thought …(has led to) … ever-deepening ignorance of the real nature of human existence
- Attributed to Karl Jaspers
• Social reality is not ‘out-there’
• It is constructed
• We see what we want to see
• We see the way we have been trained to see (class -exercise)
• Our behvaiour too gets shaped accordingly
Ethnography has the potential to unravel this social construction and understand meaning of human behavior better
http://irmelindrake.blogg.no/1339136688_hva_slags_innramming_.html
• A great deal of research depend on what people say
• Most methods depend on what people say
• But• Responses can be dynamic• May say what we want to hear• May say what is politically right / what ought to be• May not share the same cultural idioms and experiences of the
researcher• What people say and their attitude are not an unambiguous predictor
of their action (Jerolmack and Khan, 2014)• May not have the ability to answer questions requiring cognitive
abilities.
• Ethnography solves most of these problems in one way or the other14-Mar-16 Dr. N. Nakkeeran, IIPHG 13
II. MEANING OF ‘QUALITATIVE’
•Qualitative variable
•Qualitative Data
•Qualitative Method
•Qualitative Methodology
3/14/2016 N. Nakkeeran IIPHG 15
3/14/2016 N. Nakkeeran IIPHG 16
Qualitative variables
http://scene.sg/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/cards.jpg; www.goodmenproject.com
3/14/2016 N. Nakkeeran IIPHG 18
Qualitative methods
3/14/2016 N. Nakkeeran IIPHG 19http://karljwiggins.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/qualitative-methods-pitureeeeeee2.gif
Key-informant interview
Participant observation
Focus group discussion
Case study
Rapid methods
Qualitative MethodologyA particular orientation and study design which subscribe to the idea that reality is socially constructed or interpreted
3/14/2016 N. Nakkeeran IIPHG 20
III. ETHNOGRAPHY
• Defining element of Anthropology.
• ‘ethno’ – culture; ‘graphy’ - study
• Process as well as the product
• Not any more the preserve of anthropology
• Long period of intimate study of a small well defined community
• Residence in the community
• Prolonged fact-to-face interaction
• ‘Naturalist’ - study normal life, banal
• Strong rapport
• Emic
• Holistic
• Importance of context
• Inductive & interactive process of inquiry
• Describing rather than determining causality
3/14/2016 N. Nakkeeran IIPHG 23
Characteristics
• Reflective and reflexive
• Empowers study participants – aims at removing asymmetry in power relation between researcher and participant
• Combines participant observation and informal interview
• Research rules are more like principles to follow.
• Little standardisation of instruments
• Study unfolds as it progresses
• Interpretation on the basis of compelling theoretical reasons of internal consistency
3/14/2016 N. Nakkeeran IIPHG 24
Sampling
• Almost the entire universe is studied
• Idea of sampling is untenable with ethnography
• Theoretical sampling
Analysis
• Concurrent
• Inductive
• Iterative
• Emergent
• Data collection - Data reduction - Analysis are single interrelated process
Ethnography as a product of history
Cultural rambling / cultural repertoire
• Arm-chair ethnography
• Colonial administrators, Travellers, Missionaries, Museum collectors
• Explorations rather than study
• Of the exotic, the other
• Early evolutionists
Valid cultural description
• Concise, Complete, Accurate
• Embossed on theory (Functionalism, cultural relativists)
• Standardisation and refining of the methods
Analytic / Critical / Structural
• Cultural grammar / Underlying structures
• Feminist
• Subaltran
Naturalist / Reflexive / creative• Description as the prime goal
• Against interpretation / against search for laws
• Importance of contextual, emic meanings, explaining the exceptions and indeterminants
• In the form of dialogue, collaborative, multiple voices, non-linear
• Questioning superiority of research over common sense
• Agency
• Uncertainty of adequate representation of reality.
• Not privileging the interpretation of the researcher
• Impossibility of a single comprehensive paradigm.
• Researcher is part of the social world being studied.
Must watch movies
• 12 Angry man
• Rashomon
• The invention of lying
Open Access PolicyKEYSTONE commits itself to the principle of open access to knowledge. In keeping with this, we strongly support open access and use of materialsthat we created for the course. While some of the material is in fact original, we have drawn from the large body of knowledge already available underopen licenses that promote sharing and dissemination. In keeping with this spirit, we hereby provide all our materials (wherever they are already notcopyrighted elsewhere as indicated) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licensevisit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
This work is ‘Open Access,’ published under a creative commons license which means that you are free to copy, distribute, display, and use thematerials as long as you clearly attribute the work to the KEYSTONE course (suggested attribution: Copyright KEYSTONE Health Policy & SystemsResearch Initiative, Public Health Foundation of India and KEYSTONE Partners, 2015), that you do not use this work for any commercial gain in anyform and that you in no way alter, transform or build on the work outside of its use in normal academic scholarship without express permission ofthe author and the publisher of this volume. Furthermore, for any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work.
This means that you can:
read and store this document free of charge
distribute it for personal use free of charge
print sections of the work for personal use
read or use parts or whole of the work in a context where no financial transactions take place
gain financially from the work in anyway
sell the work or seek monies in relation to the distribution of the work
use the work in any commercial activity of any kind
distribute in or through a commercial body (with the exception of academic usage within educational institutions such as schools and universities
However, you cannot:
Recommended