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Presentation prepared for academic purposes. Provides an overview of market-based forest conservation and opportunities for mitigating climate change.
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Mitigating Climate Change via Market-based Forest Conservation
Stakeholders, Tactics, Risks and RewardsStakeholders, Tactics, Risks and Rewards
Andrew Courtney
The George Washington University School of Business | SMPP298 | Summer 2010
About this Presentation• Summarizes findings from independent research and reading course.• Course is facilitated through The George Washington University,
School of Business, Department of Strategic Management and Public Policy.
• Slides are fully annotated and sources are fully cited in the “notes” pane of each slide.
• Prepared by Andrew Courtney (andrewc@gwmail.gwu.edu) for academic purposes.
Executive Summary• Deforestation accounts for nearly 20%* of greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions annually. Meanwhile, standing forests remove 18%** of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere annually.
• Thus, deforestation is accelerating climate change by1. adding more GHG emissions than the entire transportation industry2. removing vast quantities of forests that were cleaning carbon dioxide
from the air. • Decreasing tropical deforestation rates must be part of global policy
to mitigate climate change. • Market-based forest conservation can facilitate these reductions. • However, the process is complex and the stakeholders are many. • This presentation will analyze market-based forest conservation in
terms of techniques, stakeholders, risks and rewards.
Contents
Climate Change and Global “Weirding”
350 ppm
• Considered safe upper limit of CO2 concentrations in atmosphere
• Above 350 ppm, climate change accelerates via feedback effects
Climate SensitivityIf we double the Earth’s greenhouse gases, how much will the temperature change?
Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector
Forests and Climate Change
Deforestation
Forest Degradation
Areas of Net Forest Loss
Amazon Basin Congo Basin Indonesia Amazon Basin Congo Basin Indonesia
Deforestation Tour (1990 – 2005)
Click Image to play deforestation tour (30 seconds)
Drivers of Tropical Deforestation
• Major Industries (industrial farming, mining and logging)• Subsistence farming• Inadequate governance and uncertain land ownership
Early Tropical Forest Conservation
Ecological Economics• Goods produced unsustainably benefit from a hidden subsidy, paid by the environment, community or future generations. • Thus they are usually cheaper than goods produced sustainably.
Payments for Ecosystem Services
• Recognizes value of services provided by ecosystems –pollination –water filtration –carbon sequestration, etc
• Estimated annual value of world’s ecosystem services: $33 trillion
Forest Ecosystem Services
Market Based Forest ConservationREDD: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation
What is REDD?
Policy
• Kyoto Protocol• Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) • United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC)• REDD+ adds provisions for– indigenous peoples and local communities– sustainable forest management/ conservation.
Financing
• Market • Fund
• Hybrid
Complementary Financing
Building Blocks of REDD
Baselines and Additionality
Measuring and Monitoring
Controlling Deforestation Leakages
Assuring Permanence• Projects must be around long enough to fulfill
the mission of capturing and storing carbon.
Standards and Verification
Involving and Benefitting Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples• 400M+ people depend on tropical forests• Are often the best conservationists• Benefit-sharing programs provide alternative
income / employment• Clarify Land Tenure
and Governance
Assuring Environmental Co-Benefits
• Overlap with biodiversity hot spots.• Co-benefits include:• Biodiversity conservation• Ecosystem services• Watershed Protection
• Minimizes undesirable carbon-maximizing behaviors (monoculture plantations, exotic species)
Scale and Scope
Cost Effectiveness of REDD, 2007
REDD Opposition
REDD Alternatives
REDD Challenges
The Way Forward
The Way Forward
The Way Forward
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