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slideshow presentation discussing the nervous and endocrine systems for biology reporting
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THE NERVOUS SYSTEMAND
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
NEURAL AND CHEMICAL
COORDINATION
COORDINATION PROCESSES
Coordination is the process through which two or more organs interact and complement the functions of one another.
Coordination occurs because of two systems: the nervous and the endocrine systems.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
(1) receive and transmit stimulus; (2) interpret and analyze a stimulus; (3) and evoke a proper response by an effector.
The Nervous System
THE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
NervousSystem
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Brain
Spinal Cord
AutonomicSomatic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Sensory
Motor
THE NEURON
Bundles of cells and the basic unit of the nervous system
send electrical signals that direct all of your body’s activities
Neuron
STRUCTURAL PARTS OF A NEURON
Neuron
Dendrites – receives the information
Cell Body – where signals travel
Axon – carries the signals
Synapse - place where axons and dendrites come together
TRIVIA: the longest axon in the world
measures around 15 feet!
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23 4
The synapse carries a signal from cell to cell
TRIVIA: How many synapses are in one
neuron? 1,000 to 10,000!!
TYPES OF NEURONS
SENSORY OR AFFERENT NEURONS- Carry impulses towards the integrating centers
• MOTOR OR EFFERENT NEURONS- Carry impulses away from integrating centers to
the body’s effectors, the muscles or glands
• CONNECTOR OR ASSOCIATION NEURONS- Main component; integrates information and
relays the impulse from the sensory neurons to the motor neurons
The Central Nervous System
Central Nervous System
• made up of the brain, the spinal cord, and nerves that connect the two to the rest of the body.•The brain sends messages through the rest of the nervous system to tell your body
© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
THE BRAIN
made of about 100 billion nerve cells
Divided into three parts:
a. Forebrainb. Midbrainc. Hindbrain
Brain and its parts
THE SPINAL CORD
Neural cable that extends from the base of the brain to the hips
Axons from the brain carries down signals to the spinal cord
TRIVIA: There are 1 billion neurons in
the spinal cord
THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Somatic System - These nerves act as transmission lines between the internal and external environment, and CNS
Autonomic System – regulates internal organso Sympathetico Parasympathetic
Autonomic Nervous System
The Endocrine System
Ductless glands use to produce, store, and secrete chemical substances known as hormones which carry messages and secretes substances.
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Endocrine Organs
Purely endocrine organs
Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Adrenal: 2 glands
- Cortex- Medulla
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Endocrine Organs
• Endocrine cells in other organs
oPancreasoThymusoGonadsoHypothalamus
ENDOCRINE GLANDSAND THEIR SECRETIONS
Pituitary Gland is located directly under the hypothalamus portion of the brain
Two distinct parts:1. Anterior2. Posterior
Secretion in the Pituitary Gland
TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone
ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone
FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone
LH: luteinizing hormone GH: growth hormone PRL: prolactin MSH: melanocyte-
stimulating hormone
ADH: antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin
Two divisions:
Anterior pituitary(adenohypophysis
)
Posterior pituitary(neurohypophysis
)
ENDOCRINE GLANDSAND THEIR SECRETIONS
Parathyroid Glands
- The secretion of these glands is the parathormone (PTH) which regulates the use of substances such as calcium.
ENDOCRINE GLANDSAND THEIR SECRETIONS
• Adrenal Glands- on top of the kidneys- The adrenal medulla
secretes a hormone permits the body to react quickly and strongly during emergencies
ENDOCRINE GLANDSAND THEIR SECRETIONS
Pancreas- located near the stomach and the duodenum- Functions: (1) to produce and release digestive enzymes
into the small intestines and (2) to secrete several hormones into the bloodstream
- is found in a cluster of cells called the islets of Langerhans
TRIVIA: Alpha cells secrete glucagon, beta cells secrete insulin, and delta
cells secrete somatostatin.
ENDOCRINE GLANDSAND THEIR SECRETIONS
Gonads- Located in the seminiferous tabules in
the testes are the interstitial cells which secrete the male sex hormones called testosterone or androgen which affects the production of sperm cells.
ENDOCRINE GLANDSAND THEIR SECRETIONS
Pineal Gland- pea-sized gland
located in the midbrain.
- melatonin, a hormone that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns.
ENDOCRINE GLANDSAND THEIR SECRETIONS
Thymus Gland- found under the
breastbone and active during childhood.
- site of development of immune system to form anti-bodies.
ENDOCRINE GLANDSAND THEIR SECRETIONS
Digestive Hormones
- Gastrin, secreted from the stomach
- The secretion stimulates the release of pancreatic juice to neutralize the stomach acid.
DISORDERS OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Disorders of the Pituitary Gland Giantism - over
secretion of growth hormone
Dwarf or Midget – insufficient of growth hormone
DISORDERS OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
• Disorder of the Thyroid Gland Hyperthyroidis
m (Graves’ Disease) – over secretion of TSH or a thyroid tumor
Hypothyroidism (Goiter) – insufficient iodine
DISORDERS OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Disorders of the Adrenals
Addison’s Disease – underactivity of the cortex
Cushing’s Disease – overactivity of the cortex
Adrenogenital Syndrome – accelerrated sexual development
DISORDERS OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
• Disorders of the Pancreas Diabetes meilitus – not enough insulin Hypoglycemia or low blood sugar –
excessive insulin
REFERENCES
Campbell, Karen L., Campbell, John R., Kenealy, Douglas M. 2003. Animal Sciences: 4th Edition. New York: The McGraw-Hill Comp. Inc. pp.192-193, 196-202.
Campbell, Neil A., Mitchell, Lawrence G., Reece, Jane B. 1999. Biology: 5th Edition. California: The McGraw-Hill Comp. Inc. pp. 898-910, 960-964.
Carino, Virginia S., Realuyo, Zenaida M. 2003. Basic Concepts of Biological Science. Quezon City: Katha Publishing Corp. pp.148-167.
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