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LET REVIEW 2016
Prepared by:Ms. Rona Relojo - dela Rosa
SPEECH AND ORAL
COMMUNICATION
Speech-Producing Mechanism
LL LipsTT TeethTR Alveolar / teeth ridge, convex part of the mouth, immediately behind the teethH Hard palate, concave part of the roof of the mouthS Soft palate in lowered position
U Uvula, the loose hanging end of the soft palateP PharynxBL Blade of the tongue, including the tip, the part opposite the teeth ridgeF Front of the tongue, the part opposite the hard palateB Back of the tongue, the part opposite the soft palate
E Epiglottis; this is drawn over the windpipe when swallowingW WindpipeFP Food passageV Vocal cords or vocal lipsLarynx The upper extremity of the windpipe (Adam’s apple) which contains and protects the vocal cords
The smallest unit of speech sound is called a phoneme.
One or more phonemes combine to form a syllable.
One or more syllables combine to form a word.Phonemes can be divided into two groups: vowels
and consonants.
Vowels are always voiced. Consonants may be voiced or
unvoiced. A diphthong is a combination of two or more vowels into one
phoneme. Consonants may be classified according to their manner of
articulation as plosive, fricative, nasal, liquid, and semivowel.
a) A phoneme is the smallest structural unit
in speech that distinguishes meaning.
An example of a phoneme is the /t/ sound in the words
“tip,” “stand,” “water,” and “cat.”
b) A syllable is a unit of organization for a
sequence of speech sounds. These are
considered the phonological “building
blocks” of words. A word that consists of a single syllable (like “cat”) is called a monosyllable.
c) A word is a unit of language that carries meaning and consists
of one or more morphemes. Typically a
word will consist of a root or stem and zero or
more affixes.
morpheme—is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. For example, the word
“unbreakable” has three morphemes: un- (meaning “not”), -break-, and -able.
affixes—is a morpheme that is attached to a root to form a
word like the prefix un- and the suffix –able in “unbreakable.”
d) A vowel is a sound in spoken language that is
characterized by an open configuration of the vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure
above the glottis. A vowel is also understood to be syllabic and is usually
voiced.
e) A consonant is a sound that is
characterized by a constriction or
complete/partial closure at one or more points along the vocal tract.
g.) A diphthong is a monosyllabic vowel
combination involving a quick but smooth
movement or glide from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single
phoneme.
PLACE OF
ARTICULATION
Bilabial consonants occur
when you block/constrict airflow out of the
mouth./p/ as in "purse"
and "rap"/b/ as in "back" and
"cab"/m/ as in "mad"
and "clam"
Labiodental consonants occur when you block airflow by curling
your lower lip back and raising it
to touch your upper LIP.
/f/ as in "fro" and "calf"
/v/ as in "vine" and "have"
Dental consonants occur when you block
airflow by placing your tongue against your upper teeth.
/θ/ as is "thick" and "bath"
/ð/ as in "the" and "rather"
Alveolar consonants are
created when you raise your tongue to the alveolar ridge so as to block airflow.
/n/ as in "no" and "man"
/t/ as in "tab" and "rat"/d/ as in "dip" and
"bad"/s/ as in "suit" and
"bus"/z/ as in "zit" and "jazz"
/l/ as in "luck" and "fully"
post-alveolar consonants are those that occur when the
tongue blocks airflow at the point just
beyond the alveolar ridge.
/ʃ/ as in "shoot" or "brash"
/ʒ/ as in "vision" or "measure"
/tʃ/ as in "chick" or "match"
/dʒ/ as in "jam" or "badge"
Palatal consonants
when you raise the tongue to
this point so as to block
airflow. English has only
one palatal consonant:
/j/ as in "yes" and "bayou"
Velar Consonants are
created when you raise the back of
your tongue to the velum so as to block
airflow. /ŋ/ as in "going" and
"uncle" /k/ as in "kite" and
"back"/g/ as in "good" and
"bug"/w/ as in "wet" and
"howard"
Glottal consonants aren't really
consonants; they just play consonant
roles in the language.
/h/ as in "hi" and "Bahamas". You're not really blocking airflow for this /h/ sound, you're just sort of exhaling a little bit harder.
Manner of
Articulation
1.) A plosive (or stop) is a consonant sound produced by stopping
the airflow in the vocal tract as in /b/.
2. ) A fricative is a consonant sound
produced by forcing air through a narrow
channel made by placing two articulators
close together.
3.) A sibilant is a type of fricative or affricate consonant made by directing a jet of air through a narrow
channel in the vocal tract towards the sharp
edge of the teeth as in /s/.
4. ) A nasal is produced when the velum—that
fleshy part of thepalate near the back—is lowered, allowing air to
escapefreely through the nose
instead of the mouth as it is blocked
by the tongue, as in /m/.
5.) A liquid is a consonant sound that
is intermediate between vowels and typical consonants
and includes approximants and
laterals.
6.) A semivowel (also known as a glide) is a
non-syllabic vowel that form diphthongs
with full syllabic vowels like the
approximants /w/ and /y/.
Phonetics is the study of sounds.
With phonetic transcriptions,
dictionaries tell you about the
pronunciation of words.
IPA ASCII Examples
@ cat, black
e met, bed
i: see, heat
i hit, sitting
Front Vowels
a: arm, father
o: call, fouro hot, rocku: blue,
foodu put,
could
Back Vowels
Central Vowels
^ cup, luck
.. away, cinema
e:(r) turn, learn
ai five, eyeei say, eightoi boy, joini..(r) near, heree..(r) where, airu..(r) pure, tourist
Ou go, home
au now, out
Diphthongs
b bad, labp pet, mapt tea,
gettingd did, ladyk cat, backg give, flag
Plosives
f find, ifv voice,
fiveth think,
bothTH this,
mother
Fricatives
m man, lemon
n no, ten
N sing, finger
Nasals
s sun, miss
S she, crash
z zoo, lazyZ pleasure,
visionh how,
hello
Sibilants
tS check, church
dZ just, large
Affricates
r red, try
w wet, window
j yes, yellow
Approximants
l leg, little
Laterals
Suprasegmental
Phonemes
STRESS> degree of prominence a
syllable has. > For individual words, three
stress phonemes are significant.
primary stress, mid stress, weak stress
PITCH LEVELS> It is relative. > combine into patterns to make
meaningful melodies over the whole phrase
or sentence.
INTONATION CONTOURS
> Statement or declarative sentence
> Command> Wh- or information question
> Yes-no question in statement form
Oral Communication
and Language Functions
Group Communication
> Includes Three or More People> Includes Shared Perception
> Emphasizes Interdependence> Requires Communication
Public Speaking as Communication
Special Speaker Consideration
Types of SpeechesInformative speechPersuasive speechSpecial Occasion Speeches
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Early Filipino literature consists of: Salawikain BugtongSayings ProverbsLegends Folk tales
Epic
Spanish Period ( 1565-1898)
The coming of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in the Philippines in 1565
marked the start of more than 300 years of colonization; in the same manner that the stay of
Fray Andres Urdaneta started the evangelization of our country.
There were several changes brought about by the Spanish colonization
specifically in Literature.The Filipino alphabet was replaced by the Roman
alphabet.Teaching of Christian Doctrine
was the basic religious practices.
Spanish language became the literary language but not the medium of communication.
Only informers and interpreters were allowed to use Spanish.
European legends and traditions were assimilated to the Filipino
literature.Ancient literature were collected
and translated to dialects.Periodicals were of religious
tone.
Doctrina Christiana en Lengua espanola y
tagalog - was the first book printed .It was authored by
Fr. Juan de Plasencia.Poetry continued to be
the most popular vehicle for literary expression during the
Spanish time though they were church oriented.
Different literary forms
of the time were:
Marian Hymns - songs dedicated to Virgin
Pasyon - the verse narrative of the sufferings and death of Christ. Panunuluyan - a
play that dramatized Joseph’s and Mary’s search
for lodging.Cenaculo - dramatization of
the passion and death of Jesus Christ.
Salubong - meeting of the Risen Christ and His mother.Moriones - chase of Longinus
by the Roman soldiers .Tibag - Queen Elena’s search for the cross on which Christ
died.Pangangaluluwa - souls in purgatory are released on the night of All Saints’ Day.
Karagatan - the throwing of the ring of a maiden to the
sea Duplo - a long poetic joust
reasoning between bilyakas and bilyakos.
Balagtasan - contest of skills in debate using verses.Shadow Play - dramatic
entertainment presented outdoors.
Comedia - a play that demonstrates the
victory of Christians over Muslims.
Sainete - short dramatic form used between acts
of longer plays.
Awit - a dodecasyllabic verses which are fabricated stories
from writer’s imagination done by chanting. (Florante at
Laura).Corrido - an octosyllabic verse
usually on stories from European countries being narrated. (Ibong Adarna).
Period of
Emerging National
Consciousness
The execution of GOMBURZA after Fr. Pedro Pelaez’ death ,
and the coming of the liberal-minded Spanish
Governor Gov. Carlos Ma. Dela Torre transformed the Filipinos from religious spirit
to nationalism. The propaganda movement
came into existence.
Marcelo del Pilar wrote satire like Caiingat Cayo and Hikbi ng Pilipinas Ynang Espanya
which caused Andres Bonifacio to write a part of the triad in his Katapusang
Hikbi ng Pilipinas.Graciano Lopez-Jaena left the editorship of La Solidaridad
and wrote Fray Botod.
The Revolutionar
y Period
The period had 2 phases: the revolution against Spain where writings were in Tagalog written mostly by Bonifacio and Jacinto.
The second phase was the revolution during the Philippine-
American War where serious plays appeared mostly written
by the brains of the revolutions.Apolinario Mabini.
Literature during the American Regime
Nationalistic spirit flourished together with
mass education and literature was adopted after American writers such as Patrick Henry,
Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson.
In 1900, President Mc Kinley’s instructions made
English the official language of the country.
In 1901 American teachers arrived and in
the same year, the Philippine Normal School was founded with English as medium of instruction.
By 1905, the Philippine Free Press was published as a
bilingual weekly. In 1908 U.P was founded to vie with the
elite private schools. By 1930’s Filipino writers have mastered English writing. Recognized abroad were Carlos Bulosan, and Jose
Garcia Villa.
The Zobel Prize was founded in 1921 by Don Enrique Zobel de Ayala
for the best works in Spanish but it didn’t last long because of
lack of entries.
Vernacular
Literature
The compulsory study of Tagalog-based national
language in schools, widespread circulation of
Tagalog reading materials, Tagalog plays aired over the
radio or television made possible the flourishing of
vernacular literature.
Zarzuela is a musical comedy usually of three or more acts. Its name was taken from the
lodge where King Philip IV watched the play. Later on,
Zarzuela was turned into the vernacular which ended the
existence of comedia. Severino Reyes (Lola Basyang) wrote Walang Sugat to prove that
zarzuela was a better kind of play.
Theater during the Japanese
Occupation
The Japanese occupation was a great period for
Tagalog Theater. It enjoyed renaissance for the following
reasons: 1) American movies were
banned 2) Writing in English was
discouraged 3) There was a difficulty in
securing materials for movie making.
Philippine Literature in
English Period of
Transition and Learning
From Tagalog writings tried their hands in English.
For Short Stories - Paz Marquez Benitez and Paz Latorena
For Poetry - Marcelo de Garcia-Concepcion
For Essay - Vicente Hilario and Eliseo Quirino
For Novels - Zoilo Galang
Period of Emergence
and Recognition
The period covers the commonwealth, Japanese occupation and the grant
of independence in 1946.The government through the Republic Heritage Awards gave
recognition.
The Commonwealth Literary Awards. Winners were: Essay: Salvador Lopez
Short Story: Manuel Arguilla Estrella Alfon
Novel: Juan C. Laya NVM Gonzales
Poetry: Rafael Zulueta da Costa Jose Garcia Villa
The reestablishment of Commonwealth
Government meant the resumption of
publications such as College journals. They provided outlets for
young writers.
Modern Period
From 1960’s novel writers known in the country were
NVM Gonzales, Celso Carunungan, Francisco Sionil Jose, Kerima Polatan Tuviera, Bienvenido Santos. Essayists
were Francisco Arcellana, Renato Constantino, Ramon
Guererro Nakpil, Alfredo Roces and Leopoldo Yabes.
Period of New Society
(1972-1980)
> The Period of the new society started on
September 21, 1972.Military government
established a new office called the Ministry of
Public Affairs that supervised the newspaper,
books, and other publications.
> Singing both English and Filipino songs
received fresh incentives. > Kislap and Liwayway
helped in the development of literature. > Theaters were rebuilt.
> Pista ng mga Pelikulang Pilipino was held yearly.
Period of the Third
Republic (1981-1985)
On January 2, 1981, after 10 years, Martial Rule was
lifted and the Third Republic started. Despite the problems, Philippine Literature continued to shine. Thus, the Carlos Palanca Award granted
prizes to deserving literary works.
Poetry was romantic and revolutionary so
that language of literature was
colorful yet violent and insulting.
Thank you!
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