Persians Phoenicians Hebrews

NotesNotesPhoenicians, Hebrews & Phoenicians, Hebrews &

Persians, Persians, SOL 3 & 4SOL 3 & 4

Phoenicians Phoenicians

• Settled along the Mediterranean coast (part of Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia).

• Little fertile land• Main city of Tyre!

Phoenicians Phoenicians

• Originated in the 3rd millennium BCE

Phoenicians Phoenicians

• Dominated the Mediterranean area between the 9th and 6th centuries BCE.

Developed Economic PatternsDeveloped Economic Patterns

• Famous for being great sailors

• Increased trade along rivers and by sea

TradersTraders

• Called “Carriers of Civilization” because they traded with so many people around the Mediterranean.

TradersTraders

• Famous for a purple dye which was made from glands of the Murex mollusk

TradersTraders

• Traded precious metals, wine, olive oil, wool, perfume, pottery, and timber

First ColonizersFirst Colonizers

• Colony – a territory settled and ruled by people from another land

First ColonizersFirst Colonizers• Phoenicians set up colonies all around the

Mediterranean Sea (Aegean Sea, Italy, North Africa, and Spain)

• Phoenician city of Carthage in North Africa became a major regional power!

Sailors + Traders = AlphabetSailors + Traders = Alphabet

• Created the world’s first alphabet (symbols which represent sounds)

Sailors + Traders = AlphabetSailors + Traders = Alphabet

• The alphabet was a quick, flexible way of recording business deals

• Our current alphabet is based off many adaptations of the Phoenician alphabet

Sailors + Traders = AlphabetSailors + Traders = Alphabet

• Originally it only had 22 letters, Greeks later added the vowels.

HebrewsHebrews

OriginsOrigins

• The true origins of the Hebrew people are lost to time. We have no documents to tell us the exact origins of the Hebrews.

• Hebrews settled between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River Valley (part of the Fertile Crescent in SW Asia!)

OriginsOrigins• Hebrews believe that God was

taking an active role in their lives.

OriginsOrigins

• Torah – 1st 5 books of the Old Testament–The sacred (holy) text of the Hebrews

• Old Testament records the history of the Hebrews (Jews)

Joke to help you remember…

There was this couple fighting over who was going to make the coffee. The guy said it was the girl's job and the girl said it was the guy's job. The girl said she could prove to the guy that the Torah said it was the guy's job. She opened the Torah to a page that said "Hebrews"!

AbrahamAbraham

• Founder – thought to have lived around 2000 BCE

AbrahamAbraham

• Most likely a nomadic herder (sheep and goats) somewhere along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean sea

• Established the world’s longest lasting monotheistic religion

Essential beliefs, traditions, and Essential beliefs, traditions, and customs of Judaismcustoms of Judaism

• Belief in one God (monotheism)

MonoMono

• Latin prefix meaning one.

theismtheism• Latin word for “god”

Essential beliefs, traditions, and Essential beliefs, traditions, and customs of Judaismcustoms of Judaism

• Torah: Contains written records and beliefs of Hebrews

• 1st 5 books of the Old Testament (The Law)

– Genesis

– Exodus

– Leviticus

– Numbers

– Deuteronomy

Essential beliefs, traditions, and Essential beliefs, traditions, and customs of Judaismcustoms of Judaism

• Ten Commandments, which state moral and religious conduct

Essential beliefs, traditions, and Essential beliefs, traditions, and customs of Judaismcustoms of Judaism

• The monotheism of Abraham became the foundation of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam — religions that changed the world.

HistoryHistory• Modern Jews trace their heritage

through Abraham’s grandson Jacob whose 12 sons established the twelve tribes of Israel.

• Torah tells us that famine forced many Israelites to migrate (move) to Egypt

• Moses is said to have led the Hebrews out of Egypt (exodus) after 400 years of slavery.

HistoryHistory

• Moses received the Ten Commandments on Mt Sinai

–Moral and Religious code•Honor your mother and father

•You shall not commit adultery

•You shall not commit murder

•Remember the Sabbath and keep it holy

Kingdom of IsraelKingdom of Israel

• By 1000 BCE, Israelites had established a small kingdom called Israel

Kingdom of IsraelKingdom of Israel

• Saul was the first king of Israel, however, David was the strong king who united the feuding Israelite tribes into a single nation.

Kingdom of IsraelKingdom of Israel

• Solomon, David’s son, turned Jerusalem into the impressive capital of the Israelite nation.

Division and ConquestDivision and Conquest

• Solomon’s great city of Jerusalem cost money and used lots of forced labor

• Forced labor and high taxes caused riots after his death around 922 BCE

• Kingdom split into Israel in the north and Judah in the south

Division and ConquestDivision and Conquest

• Weak, Israel and Judah soon fell to the armies of Assyrians and Babylonians

Babylonian CaptivityBabylonian Captivity• Babylonian King,

Nebuchadnezzar destroyed Jerusalem and forced many Israelites into exile in Babylon. This period of exile is called the Babylonian Captivity.

• Exile = forced to leave your native land

Babylonian CaptivityBabylonian Captivity

• It was during the Babylonian captivity that the Torah was written down. Prior to this time, Hebrew culture was passed down orally

DiasporaDiaspora

• In 539 BCE, Cyrus the Great defeated the Babylonians, freeing the Hebrews from the Babylonian Captivity

DiasporaDiaspora

• Many returned to their homeland, but others chose to stay in Babylon or move elsewhere

• Diaspora = the scattering of people, particularly the Hebrews

PersiansPersians

Persian EmpirePersian Empire

• Persia was built on the earlier Central Asian and Mesopotamian civilizations

• Dominated the plateau of Iran around 500 B.C.

Look how far it spread…from the Mediterranean Sea and Africa to the

west, Black Sea &Caspian Sea to the

North, around the Persian Gulf to the south

and to the far side of India to the east!

Persian EmpirePersian Empire

• In 539 BCE, Persian king, Cyrus the Great defeated the Babylonians

• Persians now dominated the Plateau of Iran

Persian EmpirePersian Empire

• Darius (r. 522 BCE – 486 BCE) unified the Persian empire

• Darius was the most successful emperor to date

PersiansPersians

• http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?videoId=yZlqgtdQoHo

Empire spread from Asia Minor all the way to

the far side of India

Persians - Successful EmpirePersians - Successful Empire• What makes the Persians

successful?!?!?

Remember they were putting on the RITZ…

Successful EmpireSuccessful Empire

• - Road system

Successful EmpireSuccessful Empire

• - Imperial bureaucracy • Government over an empire

• Satraps – governors of a Persian province who rule in the emperor’s name

• - Tolerance of conquered peoples

Successful EmpireSuccessful Empire

• - Zoroastrianism• Main Religion of Persians

• Other religions were tolerated

• Zoroaster – 600 BCE

– Rejected traditional Persian polytheism

ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism

• Religion of Persia:

–Belief in two opposing forces in the universe.

• Taught that a single wise god (Ahura Mazda, who ruled the world) was in constant battle with the Prince of Lies.

ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism

• Also taught that on Judgment Day all individuals will be judged by their actions.

• This concept of Judgment Day influences the development of Christianity and Islam

Persians ConqueredPersians Conquered

• In 331 B.C.E., Alexander the Great of Macedon conquers Persia.