Phenology - The Study of Nature

Phenology The Study of Nature

Sridhar Gutam, PhD, ARSSenior Scientist (Plant Physiology)

ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region Research Centre RanchiRanchi 834010, Jharkhand

@SridharGutam I gutam2000@gmail.com

What is Phenology?

“Phenology is the study of periodic plant and animal life cycle events and how these are influenced by seasonal and interannual variations in climate, as well as habitat factors (such as elevation)”

Phenology. (2016, January 20). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:03, March 14, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenology&oldid=700778197

15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008

Why Phenology?•Phenology helps us to understand nature.•Leafing, Flowering and Fruiting.•Bird migration/brooding.•Insect Pests infestation and Plant diseases incidence.•Floods and frosts.•Climate change – indicators – early spring?

Indicator: Start of Spring

<http://www.globalchange.gov/browse/indicators/indicator-start-spring>

How the Spring is Unfolding?

https://www.usanpn.org/data/spring

How the Spring is Unfolding?

https://www.usanpn.org/data/spring

Phenological Events• Phenological development

of Olive flowering, following BBCH standard scale (Oteros et al., 2013).• a-50, b-51, c-54, d-57,

(<15% open flowers); f-65, (>15% open flowers); g-67, (<15% open flowers); h-68

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Oteros, J., García-Mozo, H., Vázquez, L., Mestre, A., Domínguez-Vilches, E., Galán, C. (2013). Modelling olive phenological response to weather and topography. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 179: 62-68.

Early blooming of Cassia!

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https://www.researchgate.net/post/Is_there_any_scientific_basis_for_the_early_blossoming_of_Cassia_fistula_of_Kerala_and_regional_climate_change

Robert Marsham - Father of Phenology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Marsham

Marsham's 27 indications of springStarted in 1736 by Robert Marsham and continued by his

family until 1958

• Snowdrop first flowering • Wood anemone first flowering • Hawthorn first flowering • Turnip first flowering • Hawthorn first leafing • Sycamore first leafing • Silver birch first leafing • Elm first leafing • Rowan first leafing • Oak first leafing • Beech first leafing • Horse chestnut first leafing • Sweet chestnut first leafing • Hornbeam first leafing

• Ash first leafing • Lime first leafing • Field maple first leafing • Swallow first seen • Cuckoo first seen • Nightingale first heard • Nightjar first heard • Song thrush first heard • Ringdove (Woodpigeon) first seen • Rook first nest building • Rook young first seen • Brimstone butterfly first seen • Frogs and toads first heard croaking

http://www.naturescalendar.org.uk/research/Robert_Marsham_Indications_of_Spring.htm

Phenology Projects

USA National Phenology Network

https://www.usanpn.org/

Pan European Phenology Project PEP725

http://www.pep725.eu/

Plant-Phenological Online Databasehttp://www.ppodb.de/

Project Budburst – http://budburst.org/

Bhutan Phenology Network - HEROS

http://www.bpn.gov.bt/web/index.php

Bhutan Phenology Network - Phenology Journal

http://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapTour/index.html?appid=1bbc7c88e2964ab3b9bf52207a336a36

Phenology Projects in India

http://www.seasonwatch.in/

Trees Monitored under Season Watch

http://www.seasonwatch.in/details.php

• Jackfruit (Kathal)• Indian Blackberry (Jamun)• Pride of India (Jarul)• Indian Gooseberry (Amla)•Mango (Aam)• Banyan (Bargad)•Devil’s Tree (Saptaparni)• Purple Bauhinia (Kaniar)• Indian Coral Tree (Pangra)

• Flame of the Forest (Dhak/Palash)• Indian Laburnum (Amaltas)• Pongam Tree/Indian Beech

(Karanj)• Tamarind (Imli)•Margosa (Neem)• Flame Tree (Gulmohur)• Red Silk Cotton Tree

(Semul)

Season Watch - Citizen Science program

•National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS) - Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR). •Nature Conservation Foundation (NCF) – An NGO.•Funded by Wipro Applying Thought in Schools (WATIS) – Wipro.

http://www.seasonwatch.in/dashboard.php?pageno=1

http://treecalendar.org/

Tree Calendar – Study Species

• Albizia lebbeck• Albizia odoratissima• Artocarpus heterophyllus• Artocarpus hirsutus• Azardirachta indica• Bauhinia purpurea• Bombax ceiba• Briedelia retusa• Cassia fistula• Dalbergia latifolia

• Delonix regia• Ficus racemosa• Garcinia gummi-gutta• Hydnocarpus pentandra•Mangifera indica•Mimusops elengi• Phyllanthus emblica• Polyalthia longifolia• Pongamia pinnata• Pterocarpus marsupium

Tree Calendar – Report Event

http://treecalendar.org/index.php?item=report&view=report_form

India Biodiversity Portal

http://indiabiodiversity.org/

“Over 11 lakh occurrence records from the Global Biodiversity

Information Facility integrated”

Trees Indiahttp://treesindia.indiabiodiversity.org/show

Global Biodiversity Information Facility

http://www.gbif.org/

India – GIBF Associate Member (2003)

GIBF India Data http://www.gbif.org/country

Tree phenology and hornbill breeding

http://ncf-india.org/projects/tree-phenology-and-hornbill-breeding

Mango Phenology Monitoring System

http://mangifera.res.in/phenology/

http://mangifera.res.in/phenology/bbch.php

• Application of extended BBCH scale for phenological studies in mango (Mangifera indica L.)• S Rajan et.al. 2011.

Journal of Applied Horticulture, 13(2): 108-114, 2011

36Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD Centre, Ranchi University

Phenological Monitoring of Selected Horticultural Fruit Tree Crops

15-03-2016

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281432470_Phenological_Monitoring_of_Selected_Horticultural_Fruit_Tree_Crops_-_Draft_Proposal

Phenology Network India - Project Proposal

https://goo.gl/KsQPTz

• Title: Phenology of Horticulture and Agroforestry Tree Species in India • Objectives:

• Development of standard protocol for collection and capture of phenology data of selected horticulture and agroforestry tree species in India.

• Development of Open Access Phenology and Phenotype Data Repository for horticultural and agroforestry tree species.

• To prepare region-wise Phenological calendar for major horticulture and agroforestry tree species.

• Development of weather based phenology forecasting model and decision support system for selected horticultural and agroforestry tree species

• Goal:• To develop understanding of changes in phenological behaviour of selected

horticultural and agroforestry tree species under climate change scenario• This project would be submitted to either of DST/DAC (Hort. Div.)/Min. of Env. and Forests/Extra Mural

Research Funding/NABARD

Folklore and Phenology

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/11070/1/IJTK%2010(1)%2096-101.pdf

40Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD Centre, Ranchi University

Vasant Panchami – First Day of Spring

15-03-2016

Wikimedia Commons/Nitin Das

Spondias pinnata (Amra) – During Shivratri

Alangium salviifolium (Ankola) – Fruit Ripening Time – Paddy

Rice Sowing?

National Cherry Blossom Festival. Washington DC. March 20 – April 17, 2016

http://www.nationalcherryblossomfestival.org/

Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD Centre, Ranchi University

4415-03-2016

Thank You

Phenology - The Study of Nature

Education

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Nature Study ebook

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