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PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
• PRINCIPLES IN MATERIAL DESIGN (NUNAN, 1988)
• DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND DISSEMINATION OF MATERIALS
• MA. ELENA OBLINO ABAINZA
PRINCIPLES IN MATERIAL DESIGNS
Why ID?
Designing effective instructional materials is one way of improving the quality of educational opportunities.
The common concern of instructional designers is the facilitation of successful learning experiences from which learners can demonstrate their newly acquired knowledge, skills and attitudes.
What is an ISD ?
Instructional design refers to the systematic process of translating principles of learning and instruction into plans or specifications for instructional materials or activities
Who is an instructional designer ?
Instructional designers use established learning theories and principles as problem solving procedures (models) to guide them in making decisions about their designs. (Smith and Ragan, 1999)
Basic Elements of ID
1. Determining the needs of the learners and examining the learning context and environment
2. Determining the outcomes of the learning program or course and formulating the learning objectives
3. Developing appropriate and meaningful assessment criteria and procedures
4. Establishing the most effective approach(es) to delivering the instruction
Basic Elements of ID
5. Testing and evaluating the effectiveness
of the instructional system (both the instruction itself and the performance
of the learner)6. Implementing, adjusting and
maintaining the instructional system
How we learn?
Taste1%
Touch2%
Smell4%Hear10%
See83%
Taste Touch Smell Hear See
THREE (3) PHASES OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
PHASE 1Curriculum Planning Identify learner needs Set goals and objectives Write materials Write tests
Learning Objects
The term learning object generally refers to a reusable component at the page, lesson, or, perhaps, course level.
What kind of material?
Easy to createEasy to offerEasy to access
Reusable
THREE (3) PHASES OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
PHASE 2Curriculum Implementation Instruct learners Monitor and adapt instruction Write supplementary materials
THREE (3) PHASES OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
PHASE 3Curriculum Evaluation Test learners Evaluate curriculum Plan changes in the curriculum
Authentic Versus Created Materials
Authentic materialsRefer to the use in teaching of texts
that were not specially prepared for pedagogic purposes.
Created materialsRefer to textbooks and other
specially developed instructional resources.
DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND DISSEMINATION OF MATERIALS
Design Phase Accumulated experiences – the writer reviews
or surveys existing materials which can give useful information about the demands and the needs in the field.
Rationale for the design – identifies the shortcomings of existing materials to ensure that such short comings are not repeated in the present material.
Conceptual Framework – combines major and minor concepts regarding language learning, language teaching theories, and materials design principles upon which the material is anchored.
Detailed writing of the specification for the new materials – the specification includes:
Goals of the materials What are the goals of the instruction?
(Where are we going?) Subject matter, language content to
be covered, and the skills to be acquired through the content
Detailed writing of the specification for the new materials – the specification includes:
Techniques and modes of presentation, practice, use and management associated with the learning of the content What is the instructional strategy and the
instructional medium? (How will we get there?)
Detailed writing of the specification for the new materials – the specification includes:
Format of the materials including how learning units are divided
Technical details for the writing of the materials
Developmental Phase
Writing the experimental materials Internal evaluation of materials Controlled tryout
Dissemination Phase
Extensive use of the new IM Field evaluation of the IM How will we evaluate and revise the
instructional materials for future improvement? (How will we know when we have arrived?)
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