Reconstruction 2009

Reconstruction of the South

The End Results

258,000 Confederates died in the war

Most were adult males

South’s economy & society needed rebuilding

Reconstruction

Everybody had a plan …

Lincoln’s 10% plan

10% of states’ voters vowed loyalty to Union Form a new government & constitution No slavery

Lincoln Was Soft on the South

Punishment served no useful purposeOffered amnesty/swear loyalty

Not to Confederate leaders

Right to vote to African AmericansForce equal rights in Southern states

(states rights vs. federal government)

Some jumped in quick

Louisiana, Arkansas & Tennessee agreed in 1864

Lincoln’s congress refused to let it occur

Plan 2- The Radical Republicans

Thought Lincoln was too mild

Congress should decide the South’s fate

The Wade-Davis Bill

July 186451% swear loyalty to UnionOnly males who never took arms

against the North could vote on new state congress & constitution

Former Confederates – no public officeNo slaveryLincoln refused to sign this into law

Freedmen’s Bureau-What was life like for African Americans

Helped African Americans freed from slavery

Established- March 1865 Food, clothes, medical servicesEstablished schoolsEstablished universities

Howard, Atlanta, FiskHelped them acquire land

TragedyPresident Lincoln Assassinated

5 days after Civil War ended

Ford’s TheaterJohn Wilkes Booth“Sic Semper Tyrannus!”

Ford’s Theater

Lincoln Memorial

O Captain My Captain by Walt Whitman

O Captain my Captain! our fearful trip is done,The ship has weathered every rack, the prize we sought is won,The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;But O heart! heart! heart!O the bleeding drops of red,Where on the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.

O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;Rise up--for you the flag is flung for you the bugle trills,For you bouquets and ribboned wreaths for you the shores a-crowding,For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;Here Captain! dear father!This arm beneath your head!It is some dream that on the deck,You've fallen cold and dead.

My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still;My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will;The ship is anchored safe and sound, its voyage closed and done;From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;Exult O shores, and ring O bells!But I, with mournful tread,Walk the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.

A New President

Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes President

Not quite as “gentle” as LincolnWanted to punish SouthNo desire to help African Americans

Johnson’s Plan

Restoration

Amnesty – for those who swore an oath to the Union

High ranking officials had to do it personallyAppointed governorsOnly pardoned, whites could voteNo equal rights for African Americans, no

votingLeft it up to individual states to “manage their

freed people”

No slaveryDenounce secessionRatify the 13th Amendment

Abolished slavery

End of 1865 most of the South was “restored”

South “Restored” but not settledStruggle in Washington D.C.Congress did not want to readmit

southern states on Johnson’s terms felt it robbed the Union of it’s victory treatment of African Americans was not

improvingKu Klux Klan emerged

terrorized African Americans in the South– burning houses, churches, schools, rioting and murder

Black Codespassed by

southern statesto control freed

men, women children

helped plantation owners exploit them as workers

Similar to “slave codes”

Examples of the Code

could be arrested for not having a jobforced to work for plantation owner to

pay off the finesome laws refused to let freed slaves

own or rent farmsorphaned babies were taken as unpaid

apprenticesFreed slaves could neither vote nor own

guns

Radical Republicans vs. Black Codes

Republicans in Congress very angry about Black Codes.

They blamed Johnson’s Restoration Plan for encouraging southern states to pass these codes

In response to Black Codes, Republicans pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866

Civil Rights Act of 1866-passed by Congressfull citizenship to African

AmericansFederal government

could intervene in state affairs

overturned black codesDred Scott decision African Americans were

no longer seen as “property,” they were now citizens

President Johnson says no!Vetoes both the

Freedmen’s Bureau Bill and Civil Rights Amendment

Congress had enough votes to override

Rift between Congress and President grew

14th Amendment of 1866

Congress passed Amendment to ensure Civil Rights Act was not overturned by Supreme Court

Full citizenship to anyone born in the USANo state could take away ones life, liberty or

property without due processall had equal protection of the laws

The 14th Amendment Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United

States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election … is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

-Johnson to Congress, “It’s on NOW!”

Johnson encourages southern states to reject 14th Amendment

Johnson campaigns against his own (Republican) party and their reconstruction plan in 1866

Election of 1866

Johnson rallied for rejection of Amendment from North and South

campaigned against the RepublicansRepublicans gained control of congresscreated their own reconstruction plan

Radical ReconstructionCongress was in controlcould override any veto that

Johnson issued10 remaining states that did

not accept 14th amendment divided into 5 MILITARY districts

African American males allowed to vote

former Confederate leaders could not hold office

How to get back into the Union…ratify the 14th

amendmentsubmit new

constitutions for approval

Johnson and Congress Fight

Congress passed Tenure of Office Act; didn’t allow the President to remove government officials without Senate approval

Johnson suspends the Secretary of War without approval Appointed commanders to southern districts that congress opposed

Impeach, Impeach, ImpeachHouse of Representatives vote to impeachtrial lasted 3 monthsboth sides saying it was just politically motivated35-19 to convict. 1 vote short of 2/3rds majority

Identify & evaluate the Reconstruction Plans

Plan 10% Plan

Wade-Davis Restoration Rad Reconstruction

Proposed by

conditions

New Election, New President

1868 Gen. Ulysses S. Grant– Republican

Horatio Seymour– Democrat

Grant won; also received 500,000 African American votes in the South

15th Amendment– 1869

prohibited state and federal governments from denying the right to vote to any MALE citizen because of race, color or previous condition of servitude

The Reconstruction Amendments13th Amendment

14th Amendment

15th Amendment

The South During Reconstruction

3 groups in the SouthAfrican Americans- supported

Republicanswhite Southerners– supported

Democratswhite settlers from the North-

supported Republicans

Group 1– African Americans

important in politics helped with Republican victories held some positions in political office at state level national level:

• Hiram Revels– senator• Blanche K Bruce

–former runaway slave–established a school for African Americans–became superintendent of schools in MS–US senator

ScalawagsSome

southerners didn’t want to secede

agreed with Republicans in the Northnon-slave

holding farmersbusinessmen

Called Scalawags

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved South to make a new life doctors,

lawyers, teachers, former Union soldiers

Resistance to ReconstructionSome white

Southerners could not let go of old ways wouldn’t let ex-

slaves leave refused to rent

land to ex-slaves stores refused to

grant credit employers would

not hire them used fear to keep

them in line

Ku Klux Klan

formed in 1866“midnight rides”kept African

Americans from voting or standing up for their rights

The White League

Terrorist organization

Kept African Americans from voting or asserting their rights

They operated openly – no masks – their identities weren’t secret

Some ImprovementsEducation

Freedmen’s bureau helped create schools

teachers from North came South

by 1870 50% white kids and 40% African Americans in public school; segregated

Life for the freed slavesSharecroppingRented: land,

crude shacks, seeds, tools, mule

% of crop back to landowner

not much better than slavery

Always owed the landlord

End of Reconstruction

Both sides tired of it; ready to move onAmnesty act– 1872 pardoned most

ConfederatesThey could vote, hold office, & get

their land backDemocrats regained political power in

the South

Democrats take controlDemocrats easily

took over in former Confederate states

Ku Klux Klan & White league helped democrats gain control in heavily African American populated states by terrorizing black voters

Republican ScandalsGrant chose old war buddies

instead of qualified people to be in his cabinetMany of those friends were

very corruptThey got caught in large

scandalsGrant pardoned them or did

nothing

1876 electionGrant does not run for

a third term (scandals)

Rutherford B. Hayes (R) vs. Samuel Tilden (D)

Close election1 electoral vote (20

disputed votes)

Compromise of 1877deal made to settle election dispute Republicans

get Presidency if…• more aid ($)

to the South• withdraw

troops from Southern states

Hayes: no friend to the African American

states would deal with the “African American” issue alone.

Reconstruction was overRepublicans traded Presidency for an

end to Reconstruction (party abandons African Americans)

Changes in the SouthDemocrats in

controlRedeemers:

“save” the south from republican rule

The South’s Economylags behind the nationindustrialization slowRise of “New South”

Henry Grady rise of textile mills;

Northern companies moved south

James Duke; tobacco

The “New South”

industry grew (not as fast as North)workers worked hard, long hourscheap wageschild laborRR boom

A divided society15th

Amendment allowed African Americans to vote

Southern states looked for loop holes

Loopholespoll tax– had to pay before you could voteliteracy test– read & explain constitutiongrandfather clause– if father or grandfather

voted before Reconstruction; didn’t have to pass literacy test

Very few African Americans voted

Jim Crow Laws1890’s–

segregation was prominent

Laws required separation in most public places

Who was Jim Crow?

‘Jim Crow’ was a character in an old song who was revived by a white comedian called ‘Daddy’ Rice. Rice used the character to make fun of African Americans and the way that they spoke. The term ‘Jim Crow’ came to be used as an insult against African Americans.

Segregation becomes Legal

Plessy vs. Ferguson separate section on train access to public facilities = to whites kept segregation in south for 50 years““Separate but equal”Separate but equal” Facilities for African Americans were not equalFacilities for African Americans were not equal

Legal Segregation

African Americans lost jobs in government, which they gained after the Civil War.

Whites owned the land, the police, the government, the courtrooms, the law, the armed forces, and the press. The political system denied blacks the right to vote.

Terror

Murders were conducted in secret and in public by white men. The blacks were harassed and abused, physically and verbally. These violent acts became a part of their life.

“The slave went free, stood a brief moment in the sun then moved back again toward slavery.” W.E.B. DuBois

Writing a DBQ

There is no right or wrong answer. Your answer is YOUR interpretation of what’s in of the documents. As long as your answer makes sense and is supported by the content of the document you are correct.

1. Read carefully the question and the historical background. Underline the tasks.

2. Read the documents carefully.

a) Make sure that you understand the content of

the document.

b) What is the author's Point of View?

3. Don’t just list the documents, organize them into categories and use them appropriately

4. Re-read the question just to make sure

Steps 1-4

Read Question, Read Documents, organize documents, re-read question

Thesis

Topic + What you’re trying to prove

Example: Social Studies (Topic) is the most important subject in school (what you’re trying to prove)

Use the Documents to support your thesisYou have already organized the docs

and you understand what each is trying to say

Plug them in and cite them in some way“..as shown in document 2”“…according to document 5”“…the population of immigrants

steadily rose (doc. 7).”

Using Documents

Use at least ½ the number of documents + 1, for example; if there are 8 documents use at least 5 in your essay.

Outside Information

In order to get the highest DBQ score possible, you must use outside information.

Conclusion

Restate (don’t recopy) thesis Summarize your points