Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis (RIMA)

Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis

(RIMA)

Resilience Policies and Analysis teamAgricultural Development Economics Division 

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 

FAO-RIMA@fao.org

Outli

ne

Resilience measurement at FAO

RIMA-II

Way forward

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2

3

Resilience measurement at FAO

Photo: FAO

RIM

A m

odel

RIMA is an innovative quantitative approach that  estimates resilience to food insecurity andgenerates the evidence for more effectively assisting vulnerable populations.

RIMA allows explaining why and how some households cope with shocks and stressor better than others do and provides rigorous framework for humanitarian and long-term development initiatives to build food secure and resilient livelihoods.

Defin

ing

resil

ienc

eRIMA perfectly suits several definitions of resilience:

• The ability to prevent disasters and crises as well as to anticipate, absorb, accommodate or recover from them in a timely, efficient and sustainable manner (FAO, 2013)

• The capacity of a household to bounce back to a previous level of well-being (for instance food security) after a shock (Alinovi, Mane & Romano, 2009)

• The capacity that ensures adverse stressors and shocks do not have long-lasting adverse development consequences (Resilience Measurement Technical Working Group of the Food Security Information Network, 2014)

RIMA is focused on households

Why

hou

seho

ld-le

vel?

• It is the unit within which the most important decisions to manage uncertain events are made

• It is the unit that benefits the positive effects of policies and suffers for negative effects of shocks

Conc

eptu

al fr

amew

ork

R0

Access to Basic ServicesAssets

Social Safety NetsAdaptive capacity

Y0 Y1

R0

Access to Basic ServicesAssets

Social Safety NetsAdaptive capacity

Shock

Coping strategies

• Consumption smoothing

• Asset selling• New livelihood

adoption

ΔY

ΔRes

t0 t1

Other HH time invariant characteristics

Other HH time varying characteristics

Other HH time invariant characteristics

Other HH time varying characteristics

Wha

t que

stio

ns a

nswe

rs?

Who is most in need?

Where should investment focus in terms of geographical location?

Which dimensions of resilience need to be supported?

To what extent have interventions increased or decreased target populations’ resilience?

What are the main determinants of food security recover?

RIMA-II

Photo: FAO

Wha

t’s n

ew in

RIM

A-IIRIMA-II improves the RIMA model originally

developed in 2008, providing a more comprehensive estimation of resilience and clearer policy indications

RIMA-II estimates household resilience to food insecurity with a comprehensive pack which includes direct measure and indirect measurements as well as long and short term measurement approaches.

Shocks are considered exogenous and included into a regression model for estimating their impact on food security and on resilience

Food security variables are considered exogenous indicators of resilience capacity

Shoc

ks

RIMA-II takes into account several types of shocks that can affect households

Idiosyncratic shocks, such as livestock death, job loss and illness of a household member. These shocks are all directly reported by households in surveys.Covariate shocks, which in turn are divided into: Climate shocks, such as droughts,

floods, rainfalls and other natural hazards, registered through GIS; Conflict-related shocks, such as war, murders and social disorders

Direct measureDirect measure provides descriptive information on household resilience capacity.

RIMA-II employs latent variable models (Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes – MIMIC) to estimate the Resilience Capacity Index and the Resilience Structure Matrix.

It is a valuable policy analysis tool to inform funding and policy decisions, as it allow to target and rank households from most to less resilient.

RIM

A-II

Resil

ienc

e pi

llars

Access to basic services (ABS)

Assets (AST)Adaptive capacity (AC)

Social safety nets (SSN)

Resil

ienc

e pi

llars

Resilience pillars Definition

Adaptive Capacity Adaptive Capacity is the ability of a household to adapt to a new situation and develop new strategies of livelihood

Social Safety NetsThe Social Safety Nets pillar measures the ability of households to access timely and reliable assistance provided by international agencies, charities, and NGOs, as well as help from relatives and friends.

Assets

Assets comprise both productive and non-productive assets. Examples of indicators include land, livestock and durables. Other tangible assets such as house, vehicle, and household amenities reflect living standards and wealth of a household.

Access to Basic Services

Access to Basic Services shows the ability of a household to meet basic needs, and access and effective use of basic services; e.g., access to schools, health facilities; infrastructures and markets.

Indirect measure

RIMA-II estimates the main determinants of food recovery (i.e. establish causal relationships between observed variables and well being indicators) and it moves the resilience analysis in the long term perspective.

The indirect measure can be adopted as a predictor tool for interventions that build and strengthen resilience to food insecurity.

It provides new depth and breadth to resilience analysis and permits decision makers and other stakeholders to better understand the dynamics of positive trends in resilience and thus develop strategies that will yield positive results.

RIM

A-II

RIM

A-II

RIM

A an

alys

is in

the

world

RIMA – Finalized AnalysisSenegal, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya, Somalia, West Bank and Gaza Strip, Nigeria, Uganda, Tanzania and Malawi RIMA – Ongoing AnalysisSenegal, Mauritania, Chad, Ethiopia, Lesotho, West Bank and Gaza Strip

Mauritania

Chad

Ethiopia

Uganda

Tanzania

Malawi

Lesotho

Senegal

MaliNiger

Burkina Faso

Sudan

South Sudan

Kenya

Somali

a

Nigeria

West Bank & Gaza Strip

Resil

ienc

e M

arke

rRIMA-II analysis will be supported by a brand-new tool, the Resilience Marker.

The Resilience Marker can effectively operationalize the concept of resilience by predicting and evaluating the expected impact on resilience of humanitarian and development interventions.

The process is conducted through a participatory approach that will include the actors involved in the designing, implementation and evaluation of projects.

Way

forw

ard

Effectively contributing to resilience programming in priority regions and selected countries

Developing capacity to conduct resilience analysis at scale

Consolidating RIMA as one of the main corporate tools for resilience programming

FAO will strengthen RIMA’s role in resilience measurement and policy making by:

THANK YOU!

Contact us: FAO-RIMA@fao.orgMarco.Derrico@fao.org