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- Runway Rectangular-shaped, paved surfaces on an airport,
designed for the landing or takeoff of airplanes. Runways may be a
man- made surface (often asphalt concrete, or a mixture of both) or
a natural surface (grass, dirt, gravel, ice, or salt).
- Runway Designations Based on a runways magnetic heading, using
the 360 degree compass system Runways may be used in two opposite
directions All runways have TWO runway designations
- Runway Designations The pictured runway is oriented in the
north- south direction The pictured runway would be designated
Runway 18/36
- Runway Incursion Avoidance Definition of a Runway Incursion:
any occurrence at an airport involving an aircraft, vehicle,
person, or object on the ground that creates a collision hazard or
results in loss of separation with an aircraft taking off or
intending to land Primarily caused by errors associated with
clearances, communication, airport surface movement, and positional
awareness.
- Runway Incursion Avoidance
- Examples of an incursion: an aircraft or vehicle crossing in
front of a: landing aircraft or aircraft taking off an aircraft or
vehicle: crossing the runway-holding position marking; unsure of
its position and entering an active runway; passing behind an
aircraft or vehicle that has not vacated the runway. failure to
follow an air traffic control instruction
- Runway length A runway of at least 6,000 ft (1,800 m) in length
is usually adequate for aircraft weights below approximately
200,000 lb (90,000 kg). Larger aircraft including wide bodies will
usually require at least 8,000 ft (2,400 m) at sea level and
somewhat more at higher Altitude airports. International wide body
flights, which carry substantial amounts of fuel and are therefore
heavier, may also have landing requirements of 10,000 ft (3,000 m)
or more and takeoff requirements of 13,000 ft (4,000 m).
- At sea level, 10,000 ft (3,000 m) can be considered an adequate
length to land virtually any aircraft. An aircraft will need a
longer runway at a higher altitude due to decreased density of air
at higher altitudes, which reduces lift and engine power, requiring
higher take-off and landing speed Runway length
- Runway Surface Markings Runway surface markings are white in
colour
- The runway centerline is a broken white stripe which indicates
the center of the runway and provides alignment guidance for
aircraft. Runway Surface Markings
- The runway edge-line is an unbroken white stripe indicating the
edges of the runway, and the edges of the full-strength pavement.
Runway Surface Markings
- Runway threshold markings identify the beginning of the runway
which is available for landing. Runway Surface Markings
- Runway Surface Marking Displaced Threshold: A threshold that is
moved back usually due to obstructions, such as trees, powerlines,
or buildings off the end of the runway. This might prohibit you
from making a normal descent to landing on the initial portion of
the pavements.
- Runway Markings Displaced Threshold:
- Runway Markings Blast Pad/Stopway Area: Sometimes referred to
as an overrun, it is different from the area preceding a displaced
threshold because it cannot be used for landing, takeoff, or
taxiing. The blast pad is where propeller or jet blast can
dissipate without creating a hazard to others. The overrun aspect
comes in the fact that the blast pad is paved, allowing aircraft
more room to come to a stop after an aborted takeoff.
- Runway Markings Blast Pad/Stopway Area:
- Runway Lighting Runway Edge Lights:- Single row of white lights
bordering each side of runway and lights identifying the runway
threshold Three Intensity Levels: High Intensity (HIRLs), Medium
Intensity runway lights (MIRLs), and Low intensity runway lights
(LIRLs) Elevated edge-lights identify the runway edges during
adverse visibility conditions Some are Pilot Controlled, some ATC
controlled
- Approach Lighting Systems REILs (Runway End Identifier Lights)
High intensity white strobe lights that are places on each side of
the runway to mark the threshold.
- Approach Lighting Systems In-Runway Lighting Some precision
approach lighting systems have lights mounted flush with the
surface of the runway. The runway centerline lighting system (RCLS)
is white until the last 3,000 ft. From the 3,000 ft. point to the
1,000 ft. point, alternating red and white lights appear. The
remaining 1,000 ft. are red lights. Touchdown Zone Lighting Two
rows of transverse light bars on either side of the runway
centerline starting at 100 ft. from the threshold and extending
3,000 ft. or to the midpoint of the runway.
- Approach Lighting Systems In -Runway Lighting:
- Taxiways A paved surface designed for the movement of aircraft
from one part of the airport to another
- Taxiway Surface Markings ALL taxiway surface markings are
yellow. Taxiway centerline markings indicate the center of the
taxiway.
- Double yellow taxiway edge-lines indicate the edges of the
taxiway as well as the edge of full- strength pavement Taxiway
Surface Markings
- Taxiway Shoulder Markings consist of transverse stripes
extending from the taxiway edge markings into paved areas which are
not intended for aircraft use paved areas which are unsuitable for
aircraft may be painted green. Taxiway Surface Markings
- Taxiway Surface Markings Runway Hold Lines are located on
taxiways which intersect runways All aircraft and vehicles must
hold short of the runway at the hold line.
- Hold Lines are located at the intersection of a taxiway and a
runway. Aircraft/vehicles must hold on the solid side of the hold
line. Taxiway Surface Markings
- Taxiway Lighting Taxiway edge-lights are blue in color Taxiway
edge lighting identifies the edge of a taxiway during periods of
darkness or reduced visibility.
- Taxiway Lighting In-pavement: Taxiway centerline lights are
green in color Taxiway Lighting
- Elevated Runway Guard Lights consist of two alternating,
flashing yellow lights Two Types: Elevated and In-Pavement Runway
Guard Lights Taxiway Lighting
- In-pavement Runway Guard Lights consist of flashing yellow
lights, which extend across the taxiway, parallel to the hold line
Runway Guard Lights Taxiway Lighting
- In-pavement Runway Guard Lights Extend across hold line Taxiway
Lighting
- A paved surface used for access between taxiways and Ramp
(gate) areas Taxilanes (Alleys/Alleyways)
- Taxilane Surface Markings Taxilanes have either solid white or
yellow lead-in lines
- Ramp/Apron Area Surface Markings Wing-clearance lines are white
or red.
- Active Runway The active runway is the runway at an airport
that is in use for takeoffs and landings. Since takeoffs and
landings are usually done as close to "into the wind" as possible,
wind direction generally determines the active runway. Selection of
the active runway, however, depends on a number of factors. At a
non- towered airport, pilots usually select the runway most nearly
aligned with the wind, but they are not obliged to use that
particular runway. At controlled airports, the active is usually
determined by a tower supervisor.
- Active runway At major airports with multiple runways, the
active could be any of a number of runways. At major airports, the
active runway is based on weather conditions (visibility and
ceiling, as well as wind, and runway conditions such as wet/dry or
snow covered), efficiency, traffic demand and time of day
- Section of runway The Runway Safety Area is the cleared,
smoothed and graded area around the paved runway. It is kept free
from any obstacles that might impede flight or ground roll of
aircraft. The Runway is the surface from threshold to threshold,
which typically features threshold markings, numbers, centerlines,
but not
- Runway safety Types of runway safety incidents include: Runway
excursion - an incident involving only a single aircraft, where it
makes an inappropriate exit from the runway. Runway overrun - a
type of excursion where the aircraft is unable to stop before the
end of the runway Runway incursion - an incident involving
incorrect presence of a vehicle, person or another aircraft on the
runway Runway confusion - an aircraft makes use of the wrong runway
for landing or take-off
- Pavement The choice of material used to construct the runway
depends on the use and the local ground conditions. For a major
airport, where the ground conditions permit, the most satisfactory
type of pavement for long- term minimum maintenance is
concrete.
- Although certain airports have used reinforcement in concrete
pavements, this is generally found to be unnecessary, with the
exception of expansion joints across the runway where a dowel
assembly, which permits relative movement of the concrete slabs, is
placed in the concrete Post-tensioning concrete has been developed
for the runway surface. This permits the use of thinner pavements
and should result in longer concrete pavement life. Pavement
- Pavement surface Runway pavement surface is prepared and
maintained to maximize friction for wheel braking. To minimize
hydroplaning following heavy rain, the pavement surface is usually
grooved so that the surface water film flows into the grooves and
the peaks between grooves will still be in contact with the
aircraft tires.
- ASP: Asphalt BIT: Bituminous Asphalt or Tarmac BRI: Bricks (no
longer in use, covered with Asphalt or Concrete now) CLA: Clay COM:
Composite CON: Concrete COP: Composite GRS: Grass or earth not
graded or rolled COR: Coral (Coral reef structures) GRE: Graded or
rolled earth, Grass on graded earth GVL: Gravel LAT: Laterite ICE:
Ice MAC: Macadam PEM: Partially Concrete, Asphalt or Bitumen-bound
Macadam PER: Permanent Surface, Details unknown PSP: Marsden
Matting (Derived from Pierced/Perforated Steel Planking) SAN: Sand
SNO: Snow U: Unknown surface In aviation charts, the surface type
is usually abbreviated to a three-letter code. The most common hard
surface types are Asphalt and Concrete. The most common soft
surface types are Grass and Gravel. Surface Type Codes
- Runway markings There are runway markings and signs on most
large runways. Larger runways have a distance remaining sign (black
box with white numbers). This sign uses a single number to indicate
the thousands of feet remaining, so 7 will indicate 7,000 ft (2,134
m) remaining. The runway threshold is marked by a line of green
lights.
- There are three types of runways: Visual runways are used at
small airstrips and are usually just a strip of grass, gravel,
asphalt or concrete. Although there are usually no markings on a
visual runway, they may have threshold markings, designators, and
centerlines. Additionally, they do not provide an instrument-based
landing procedure; pilots must be able to see the runway to use it.
Also, radio communication may not be available and pilots must be
self-reliant. Non-precision instrument runways are often used at
small- to medium-size airports. These runways, depending on the
surface, may be marked with threshold markings, designators,
centerlines, and sometimes a 1,000 ft (305 m) mark (known as an
aiming point, sometimes installed at 1,500 ft (457 m)). They
provide horizontal position guidance to planes on instrument
approach via Non-directional beacon (NDB), VHF omnidirectional
range (VOR), Global Positioning System, etc. Runway markings
- Precision instrument runways, which are found at medium- and
large-size airports, consist of a blast pad/stopway,threshold,
designator, centerline, aiming point, and 500 ft (152 m), 1,000 ft
(305 m)/1,500 ft (457 m), 2,000 ft (610 m), 2,500 ft (762 m), and
3,000 ft (914 m) touchdown zone marks. Precision runways provide
both horizontal and vertical guidance for instrument approaches.
Runway markings
- REFERENCES Airport Planning & Design by Khanna & Arora
http://en.wikipedia.org