View
11
Download
1
Category
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Citation preview
SPECTROSCOPIC AND THERMAL ANALYSIS OF
COMPOSTING DURING AGITATED PILE AND ROTARY
DRUM COMPOSTING
ABSTRACT
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) has infested vast wetlands, and has caused major problems in the region viz. reducing fish population, blocking irrigation canals and averting navigation, damaging rice fields, eutrophication etc. Composting can be one of the suitable options for management and disposal of this free floating weed, as the process is ecologically sound and economically viable, and helps in reducing large quantities of organic wastes. Chemical analyses used in previous studies to determine the quality and stability of compost is time consuming and unreliable. Therefore, the aim of this study is to employ modern spectroscopic and thermal analyses during agitated pile and rotary drum composting of water hyacinth and its different waste combinations with cattle manure and sawdust. During phase 1 of the project, samples were prepared by pile and drum composting techniques. In phase 2, spectroscopic and thermal analysis of these collected samples will be done.
COMPOSTING
MATERIAL FLOW FOR CONVENTIONAL COMPOSTING PROCESS
C, N, Inorganic, Pathogens,
Weed seeds, Microbes
MixingComposti
ng Process
Curing
Humic substances,
Inorganic micro-organisms
PHASES IN COMPOSTING PROCESSLatent phase
• Time necessary for microorganisms to colonize in new environment
Growth phase
• Rise of biologically produced temperature to mesophilic level
Thermophili
c phase
• Temperature rises to highest level
Maturation phase
• Temperature decreases to mesophlilic and, consequently ambient levels
PATTERNS OF TEMPERATURE AND
MICROBIAL GROWTH DURING COMPOSTING
ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
Nutrient balance• Organisms involved in
stabilization of organic matter utilize about 30 parts of C for each part of N
Particle size• Particle size of composting
materials should be as small as possible so as to allow for efficient aeration
Moisture control• Optimum moisture content is
known to be between 50-60%
Aeration requirement• Necessary to ensure that oxygen
is supplied throughout the mass and aerobic activity is maintained
Temperature• Optimum temperature varies for
different feedstocks or materials. However, most data indicate it to be between 50-600C
TYPES OF COMPOSTING
Composting
Open Process
Agitated Pile (Windrow)
Static Pile / Aerated Pile
Reactor Process
Vertical Flow Horizontal/Inclined
Non-flow (Batch)
WINDROW COMPOSTING
AERATED STATIC PILE
ROTARY DRUM COMPOSTER
WATER HYACINTH
Click icon to add picture
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Considered to be world’s worst aquatic plants
Ability to reproduce exponentially interferes with agricultural and infrastructural projects
Can present many problems for fishermen
Blamed for reduction of biodiversity
Low oxygen conditions create breading conditions for mosquito vectors of malaria, encephalitis and filariasis
POTENTIAL UTILIZATION
As a phytoremediation agent• Ability to grow in heavily polluted water together with its
capacity for metal ion accumulation makes it suitable for treating wastewatersPower alcohol production
• Relatively high content of hemicellulose indicates it could be a good source of hemicellulose for bioconversion
Biogas production• Possibility of converting water hyacinth to biogas has also
emerged as an area of major interest for many years
Animal fodder/fish feed• High water and mineral content of water hyacinth indicates
that the nutrients in water hyacinth are suitable to some animals
COMPOST MATERIAL
Water Hyacint
h
Cattle Manur
e
Sawdust
WASTE COMPOSITIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS
Parameters and Trials
Water Hyacinth
Sawdust Cattle Manure
Trial 1 150 0 0
Trial 2 120 15 15
Trial 3 105 15 30
Trial 4 90 15 45
Trial 5 75 15 60
pH 5.79 6.155 6.65
Conductivity (dS/m)
4.91 0.389 3.31
Moisture content(%)
85.535 10.015 80.92
Volatile Solids 72.641 97.871 72.054
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Preparing Database & Report
Sampling & Analysis
Different Operating Scenarios5 trials of different waste combinations
Pile & Drum Start up and Waste Feeding
Agitated Pile and Rotary Drum compostingWaste collection and charaterization
SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Thermogravimetric Analysis
Differential Thermogravimetry
Differential scanning calorimetry
FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED
SPECTROSCOPY
Click icon to add picture
FTIR Spectra of composted olive-mill wastes at various stages of maturation
THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS
DIFFERENTIAL THERMOGRAVIMETRY
DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY
SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES IN COMPOSTING
Year
1990
1998
2003
2003
2005
2007
2009
Raw Material
Cattle manure
Pig manure
Municipal Solid Waste
Olive Mill wastes
Sewage sludge and green plant waste
Winery and Distillery residues
Olive mill residues
Spectroscopic Technique
FTIR
FTIR
Thermal analysis
FTIR
FTIR
Thermal analysis
FTIR & DSC
PHASE II
Spectrocopic and Thermal analysis of samples
Agitated Pile – Samples from day 0, 18 and 30 to be analyzed
Rotary Drum – Samples from day 0, 12 and 20 to be analyzed
5 different waste combinations will be tested
Total 30 samples to be analyzed by FTIR, TGA, DTG and DSC
500 1000 1500 3000 3500 4000
3434
29241634
1020
3405
2920
1643
1042
3430
292116391260
1035
603
Saw Dust
Cattle Manure
Water Hyacinth
Wavenumber (cm-1)
% T
ran
sm
itta
nce
REFERENCES
1. Gunnarsson, C.C., Petersen, C.M., 2007. Water hyacinths as a resource in agriculture and energy production:A literature review. Waste Management 27, 117-129.
2. Hsu, J.H., Lo, S.L., 1999. Chemical and spectroscopic analysis of organic matter transformations during composting of pig manure. Environ. Pollut. 104, 189–196.
3. Haug, R.T., 1993. The practical handbook of composting engineering. Lewis publishers.
4. Jouraiphy, A., Amir, S., El Gharous, M., Revel, J-C., Hafidi, M., 2005. Chemical and spectroscopic analysis of organic matter transformation during composting of sewage sludge and green plant waste. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 56, 101-108.
5. Kalamdhad, A., Ali, M., Khwairakpam, M., & Kazmi, A. (2009). Organic metter transformation during rtary drum composting. Dynamic Soil, Dynamic Plant.
THANK YOU
Presentation by – Shreyas Nangalia09012227
Recommended