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The Solar System:AN INTRODUCTIONTO COMPARATIVE
PLANETOLOGY
THE
UNIVERSE
LET’S WATCH THIS!
PLANETARY
PROPERTIES
SUNOur Sun is just one of billions of stars in the disk-shaped galaxy
called the Milky Way. Bright star clusters are
visible along with darker areas of dust and gas. Our Sun is located in one of the
spiral arms of the Milky Way.
FACTor
BLUFF?The
approximate temperature of
the Sun’s surface is 5800
K, while the sunspot’s
temperature is approximately
8100°F.
FACT
MERCURY
Mercury orbits closer to the Sun than any other planet, making it dry,
hot, and virtually airless. Although the
planet’s cratered surface resembles that
of the Moon, it is believed that the interior is actually similar to Earth’s,
consisting primarily of iron and other heavy
elements. This composite photograph was taken in 1974 by Mariner 10, the first
probe to study Mercury in detail.
FACTor
BLUFF?The planet
Mercury turns clockwise (east
to west).
BLUFFcounterclockwise
(west to east)
VENUSVenus is the brightest object in our sky, after
the sun and moon. Swirling clouds of sulfur
and sulfuric acid obscure Venus’s surface and inhibited study of the planet from Earth
until technology permitted space
vehicles, outfitted with probes, to visit it. These probes determined that Venus is the hottest of
the planets, with a surface temperature of
about 460° C (about 860° F).
FACTor
BLUFF?Venus is the
brightest object in the sky. It is
often called the morning and the evening
star.
FACT
EARTHAn oxygen-rich and
protective atmosphere, moderate
temperatures, abundant water, and a
varied chemical composition enable Earth to support life,
the only planet known to harbor life. The
planet is composed of rock and metal, which are present in molten
form beneath its surface. The Apollo 17
spacecraft took this snapshot in 1972 of the Arabian Peninsula, the African continent, and
Antarctica.
FACTor
BLUFF?The Earth’s atmosphere
includes troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere,
thermosphere, exosphere and chromosphere.
BLUFFChromosphere is for Sun.
MARSScientists have
determined that the planet’s atmosphere consists primarily of carbon dioxide, with
small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, water
vapour, and other gases. Because the
atmosphere is extremely thin, daily
temperatures can vary as much as 100°C. In
general, surface temperatures are too
cold and surface pressures too low for
water to exist in a liquid state on Mars. The planet resembles a cold, high-altitude
desert.
FACTor
BLUFF?Phobos &
Deimos are named after the
sons of the Roman God,
Mars. In which, Phobos sets in the East while Deimos sets in
the West.
FACT
JUPITERJupiter is the largest of
the planets, with a volume more than
1,300 times greater than that of Earth.
Jupiter’s colorful bands are caused by strong atmospheric currents and accentuated by a
dense cloud cover. The massive planet comes
with its four largest satellites: Io,
Ganymede, Europa and Callisto.
FACTor
BLUFF?Closer to Jupiter the strong field
traps the charged
particles. The entire region of particle-fields interactions is known as the
magnetosphere.
FACT
SATURNSaturn, distinguished by its rings, is the second largest planet in the solar system. This processed Hubble
Space Telescope image shows the planet’s
cloud bands, storms, and rings as they would
appear to the human eye.
FACTor
BLUFF?The discovery of the 9 moons of Saturn were
reported in 2007 and these are in irregular
shape and small.
BLUFF9 moons were
announced in June 2006 and an additional 4
moons were reported in 2007.
URANUSUranus’s blue-green
colour comes from the methane gas present in
its cold, clear atmosphere. The dark shadings at the right edge of the sphere
correspond to the day-night boundary on the
planet. Beyond this boundary, Uranus’
northern hemisphere remains in a four-
decade-long period of darkness because of the way the planet
rotates.
FACTor
BLUFF?Astronomers
have identified 13 rings of
debris encircling Uranus’
equator. Five from the
innermost rings were called D, C, B, A and F.
BLUFF5 rings of Uranus called Alpha, Beta, Gamma,
Delta and Epsilon.
NEPTUNE
This image of Neptune, taken by the Voyager 2 spacecraft, shows the
planet’s most prominent features. The
large, dark oval surrounded by white
clouds near the planet’s equator is the Great Dark Spot, a storm similar to Jupiter’s
Great Red Spot. The smaller dark oval with a bright core below and
to the right of the Great Dark Spot is another storm known as Dark
Spot 2.
FACTor
BLUFF?Neptune is also classified as an ice giant planet, mainly made of the ice-forming
molecules water,
ammonia and methane.
FACT
PLUTOPluto is farther from the
Sun than the major planets in the solar system, although it
occasionally moves in closer than Neptune due to an irregular
orbit. The small, rocky, and cold world takes
247.7 years to revolve around the Sun.
FACTor
BLUFF?Charon, the
moon, is about half of Pluto’s size and would
appear in Pluto’s sky to be about six
times the size of the Earth’s
moon.
FACT
BLUE
PINK
RED
GREEN
VIOLET
ORANGE
YELLOW
BLACK
WHITE
GRAY
BLUE
• Count 1 to 6 from your right side.
• From the 6th, count 1 to 4 from your left side.
• Then, KISS him/her (anywhere on his/her face).
GREEN
• Count 1 to 10 from your left side.
• From the 10th, count 1 to 3 from your right side.
• Then, DESCRIBE him/her in 5 words (whether + or -).
PINK
• Turn back, count 1 to 4 from your right side.
• From the 4th, count 1 to 2 from your right side.
• Then, SMELL his/her foot in 10 sec.
VIOLET
• Simple...• Make a BIG MOLE near to
your nose (like GMA’s mole).
RED
• Hmmm...• Yummy...
• Just SIP this!
ORANGE
• What makes your day?• NESCAFÉ...
• POUR this into your mouth (mix it).
WHITE
• Look! There’s a tornado!• Please TURN 10x in your
area.
YELLOW
• Be happy!• You are lucky!• Simply, EAT this.
GRAY
• Be proud!• RECITE the new Vision of BU.• Then say “Darna” (shout it
please!).
BLACK
• Sassy! Sossy!• PUT a powder into your face.• Then, share to your 2 favourite
classmates (without using your hand, only face).
RELATIVE SIZE COMPARISON
MAJOR PLANETARY POINTSMERCURY Scorched, heavily crateredVENUS Dense, Corrosive cloud coverEARTH Life SupportingMARS Great dust stormsJUPITER Great Red SpotSATURN Spectacular ring systemsURANUS Tilted on its sideNEPTUNE Interesting MoonsPLUTO Highly eccentric orbitWith the exception of Pluto, all the planets are effectively in
the equatorial plane of the Sun
OVERALL LAYOUT of theSOLAR SYSTEM
OVERALL LAYOUT of theSOLAR SYSTEM
OVERALL LAYOUT of theSOLAR SYSTEM
OVERALLLAYOUT
of theSOLAR
SYSTEM
TYPES OF SPACE MISSION
FLYBYThe flights of the spacecraft close
enough to celestial bodies to gather scientific data.
Mariner 10MESSENGER Spacecraft
TYPES OF SPACE MISSION
A spacecraft designed to orbit a planet to examine its environment
without landing on it.
ISRO Indian Mars OrbiterManglayaan 635
ORBITER
TYPES OF SPACE MISSION
A space vehicle designed to land on a celestial body to explore its
surface.
Phoenix Lander
LANDER
TYPES OF SPACE MISSION
ROVERA crewed or uncrewed vehicle used in exploring the terrain of a planet
and its satellites.
Mars Exploration Rover
TYPES OF SPACE MISSION
A heavier-than-air powered flying vehicle with fixed wings used to gather better images of the planet’s surface.
NASA Airplaneby William and Mary
FUTURE EXPLORATIO
N
AEROPLANE
TYPES OF SPACE MISSION
Venus’ Balloon Probe
FUTURE EXPLORATIO
N
An impermeable bag, designed to float in the atmosphere to provide views of much broader areas of the surface.
BALLOON
TYPES OF SPACE MISSION
Martian Subsurface Explorer
FUTURE EXPLORATIO
N
A spacecraft with radar that gives 3D understanding of how water may be
distributed in the planet’s surface.
SUBSURFACE EXPLORER
EARTH
Luna
Deimos Phobos
MARS
JUPITER
Amalthea Callisto
Europa Ganymede
Io Thebe
SATURN
CalypsoAtlas Dione EnceladusEpimetheus Helene
Hyperion Iapetus Janus Methone Mimas Pandora
Phoebe Prometheus Rhea Telesto Tethys Titan
URANUS
Ariel Miranda Oberon Titania Umbriel
NEPTUNE
Proteus Triton
ASTEROIDS
Eros
Ida
Vesta
Dactyl
Gaspra
Mathilde
MOONBorrelly
Hartley 2
Wild 2
Churyumovor
Gerasimenko
Tempel 1
COMETS
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