Vivek kumar student of kerala university of fishery and ocean studies

Principle and method of vaccine production and fish immunization.

Vaccine • A mixture that is given to help stimulate the body's

own immune system or it is a immunizing agent to produce antibodies to fight a certain disease.

• It is the antibodies that are created in response to the vaccine that protect against a future infection by the target disease.

• A vaccine is a non- pathogenic antigen than mimics a particular pathogen in order to elicit an immune response as that actual pathogen were in the body.

Principle of vaccine production

• The overall goal of a vaccine is to establish immunity against that perticular pathogen.

• Standard manufacture uses a bacterial or viral antigen, e.g. bacterium or virus, which may be killed or may be living but attenuated.

• Live attenuated: organism which have been passed repeatedly in tissue culture or chick emmbryos so that they have lost their capacity to cause disease, but retained an ability to induce antibody response, such as polio vaccine, measleas, rubella, mumps, yellow fever, BCG( Bacillus Calmette-Guerin), a vaccine for tuberculosis, typhoid and plague.

• Inactivated or killed: organism which have been killed by heat or chemicals but retain an ability to induce antibody response. They are generally safe but less efficacious than live vaccine and multiple doses. for ex: influenza, rabies, encephelities.

• Vaccines are currently produced by gene techniques, i.e. instead of using a virus or bacterium, A single gene (usually a surface glycoprotein of the virus) can be expressed in a foreign host by Cloning.

• This process induces the vector to produce an antigen, which is then purified. The purified antigen, when combined with an adjuvant results in a safe and very effective vaccine. Example: Gardasil, an anti-human papilloma virus vaccine that is very effective in preventing cervical cancer.

• The current Hepatitis B vaccine is also this type.

Principles of Vaccine Production (I)

Pathogen (seed = clinical isolate)

Culture Inactivation Vaccine (wP, HAV)

Purification Vaccine (Rab, Flu)

Ag purification Inactivation Vaccine (aP)

Principles of Vaccine Production (II)

Pathogen (clinical isolate) PassagesAttenuation Site-directed mutagenesisSeed (live attenuated)

Culture Vaccine (MMR, OPV)

Principles of Vaccine Production (III)

Pathogen (clinical isolate)

Cloning, GMO (E. coli, S. Cerevisiae)

Seed

Culture Purification Vaccine (HBV, HPV)

Method of vaccine production1)Embryonated egg based vaccine production

method: influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella(chicken pox) vaccine.

2)Cell culture based vaccine production method: hepatitis, dipthera, pertussis, tetanus etc. type vaccine.

Step in vaccine production 1.Selecting the strain for vaccine production (virus or bacteria)

2.Growing of microorganism

a)Bacteria- batch culture and continuous culture. b) Virus- cell culture and in embryonated egg.

3.Harvesting isolation and purification of microorganism a) centrifugation

b) Filteration. C) Chromatography.

4.Inactvation of microorganism a) By heat treatment or pasteurization. b) By chemicals. c)UV inactivation. d) acidic PH inactivation. 5. Formulation of vaccine

a) Prservative and stabiliser (gelatin, monosodium glutamate)

b) Inactive agent (formaldehyde,glutaraldehyde)

c)Adjvant (almunium salt,oil in water emultion and some microbial derived-monophosphoryl lipid A)

chek the sterility 6. Quality controlled safety 7. Vaccine is ready

How to produce vaccine

Fish immunization

• Immunization is the process of introducing weakened or killed germs (vaccines) into the body, which increase body immunity to protect one from a particular disease. These weakened or killed germs stimulate the body to produce antibodies that will fight or weaken any disease organism that attempts to enter the body or simply say the act or process of making immunity inside the body.

Type of fish immunization Immunisation

ACTIVE PASSIVE (the host’s own Abs) (ready ABs)

NATURAL ARTIFICIAL NATURAL ARTIFICIAL

(infection) (active vaccination) (maternal ABs) (passive vaccination)

Advantage and disadvantage of fish immunization

Active immunization: The antibody levels in the blood will rise and the body will also

retain a memory of of how to make these antibodies if it comes across the pathogen again. This process provides long-term protection from many diseases.

Passive Immunization:Advantage: gives immediate protection against the pathogen. Disadvantage: Immunity is short lived and if the person encounters the disease

again at a later date, the body has no memory of developing antibodies itself. This type of vaccination is only used in a few cases to give quick protection when it is thought the person may already have the disease.