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A rose by any other name? Evaluating integrated landscape approaches in the tropicsJames Reed, Josh van Vianen, Jos Barlow, Terry Sunderland
Global Landscapes Forum, Marrakesh, 16th November 2016
What are landscape approaches and how effectively have they been implemented in the tropics?
Landscape approaches are the latest in an evolution of integrated attempts to reconcile C&D.
1980s 1990s 2000s 2010 - present
1980s: Integrated Rural Development 1998: Integrated
Natural Resource Management (INRM)
1985 onwards: Integrated Conservation & Development projects (ICDPs)
Contributing Sciences:Ecosystem ManagementLandscape EcologyIsland biogeography
Conservation rooted frameworks e.g. “Ecosystem Approach”
1992: “Landscape Approach” first documented (Barrett 1992)
(Integrated) Landscape Approach frameworks
Key findings from the “theory” literatureOptimizing adoption of landscape approaches:• evaluating progress within a landscape is fundamental to
determining where gains or losses are being made• hybrid, multi-level and cross-sectoral governance structures
that integrate internal traditional knowledge and external institutional and financial support are increasingly preferable
• must acknowledge the need for contextualisation and not subscribe to panaceas
• inclusive, participatory stakeholder negotiation can help align local socio-cultural and global environmental concerns
• should recognise dynamic processes and perverse outcomes
See: Reed et al. 2016 - Integrated landscape approaches to managing social and environmental issues in the tropics: learning from the past to guide the future
Geographic distribution of landscape approaches
1 (5 countries represented)2 (1)
3 (2)4 (1)
Geographic distribution (grey literature)
Quality of the evidencePeer reviewed articles
Grey literature (web screening)
Grey literature (document screening)
Totals
Number of case studies
24 97 53 174
Number reported success
13 (54%) 46 (47%) 20 (38%) 79 (45%)
Reliable data provided
6 (46%) 8 (17%) 1 (5%) 15 (19%)
Environmental and socio-economic impacts
Factors influencing “success”
Influence of governance structure
Key findings from the literature
Current barriers to effective implementation:
• the ongoing development of theory and conceptualization may be stimulating time lags
• the proliferation of terms associated with landscape approaches may be impeding policy and practice progress
• operating silos persist at all levels and scales• engaging multiple stakeholders is all too often seen as
a box-ticking exercise to satisfy project requirements• monitoring remains the least well developed area of
landscape approach application
Conclusions and recommendations
Landscape approaches remain contentious and under-theorized
There is good evidence of “landscape approaches” being implemented within the tropics but weak evidence of effectiveness
Multi-level engagement seems fundamental to success
Attempts to implement must be contextualized and willing to embrace complexity
Metrics need to continue to develop
Future outputs and research opportunities
A toolkit for landscape approach implementation
A synthesis of landscape approach frameworks
Analysis of stakeholder perceptions in a landscape approach
Evaluation of landscape approach in practice
Assessment of landscape approach investments
Thanks for listening!For further information:James Reed: j.reed@cgiar.orgTerry Sunderland: t.sunderland@cgiar.org
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