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Synergy between Adaptation-Mitigation in Land-based sector: Best practices in Indonesia and Elsewhere Side event of the UNFCCC, co-hosted with the Government of Indonesia Ministry of Agriculture.
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Side Event IAARD-ICRAF COP 20Lima, Peru , 5 December 2014
www.litbang.deptan.go.id
Fahmuddin Agus, Neneng L. Nurida, Wahyunto, et al. Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development
F_agus@litbang.pertanian.co.id
Improving the profits from peatland without exacerbating
the environmental impacts
Multifunctional roles of peatland
• Environmental services:- Water storage and regulator
- Carbon storage - Niche of peatland-specific biodiversity
• Agricultural production. Agricultural land is expanding rapidly on peatland, despite its sub-optimal inherent fertility
Need to balance the two roles, although sometimes they are mutually exclusive
Distribution of Indonesian Peatland
Island Area (ha)
Sumatra 6.436.649Kalimantan 4.778.004Papua 3.690.921Total 14.905.594
Research objectives (ICCTF Phase II Program)
• Analyze GHG emissions and sequestration as well as the costs and benefits under different LULUC
• Policy recommendations for the sustainable peatland management
• Capacity building
• Strengthening networks for scientific exchange
Activities• Mapping and recommendations of the use and management of
degraded peatland,
• Evaluation of:- crop responses, - hydrology, - GHG Emissions, - carbon stock - Costs – benefits
Inlet
Outlet
Terhubung ke baterei
Terhubung ke komputerAtau data logger
Infrared gas analyzer (IRGA)
Gas chromatography
Research sites
Riau
Jambi C. Kalimantan
W. Kalimantan
Papua
Research Results
Districts with dominant peatland
District
Total area
(million ha)
Peatland area
(million ha, %)
Pelalawan/Riau 1.39 0.70 (50%)
Muaro Jambi/Jambi 0.54 0.20 (37%)
Kubu Raya/Kalbar 0.70 0.52 (76%)
Pulang Pisau/Kalteng 0.98 0.62 (63%)
Mimika/Papua 1.78 0.24 (13%)
Little flexibility of there district to use mineral land
Land cover of peatland as of 2011 (Mha, %)
Peat Shrub:• Unproductive • Emission sources • Fire subscribers
Data uncertainty:Other plantation & Multistrata ?
How good is Ag. productivity on peatland
Treatments
FFB, Jambi;
6 yr old oil
palm
plantation
(t/ha/yr)
FFB, Riau; 6 yr
old oil palm
pantation)
(t/ha/yr)
Crumb rubber;
Central
Kalimantan, 5
yr old rubber
plantation
(t/ha/5 months)
Maize, West
Kalimantan,
(t/ha/season)
Base fertilizer 11.4 a 18.5 a 1.6 a 2.7 a
Peat fertilizer 17.4 ab 19.3 a 1.9 a 3.8 a
Manure 18.8 b 19.6 a 1.8 a 3.0 a
EFB/Mineral soil 17.7 ab1) 20.1 a1) 1.2 a2)
Dolomite 3.5 a
Dolomite
+manure
+Trichoderma
3.4 a
Sawah pada lahan gambut di Kaltim
Ex PLG Sejuta Ha (Rice Mega Project)
Crop performance varies depending on the management level
Is peat farming profitable? Analysis using 10% df
Land use Location NPV(USD/ha/yr)
B/C
Oil palm Jambi 896 1.09
Oil palm Riau 2,421 1.21
Rubber C. Kalimantan 4,421 1.60
Maize-pineapple W. Kalimantan 315 1.44
Sago palm Papua 478 1.40
Oil palm is the main driver of LUC, despite the higher NPV for rubber: • Easy marketing• Low labor requirement compared to
rubber
NPV (USD/ha/yr), Net emission, Emission redxn cost USD/t CO2, 10% df
Land use
Oil palm,
Jambi
Oil palm,
Riau
Rubber, C.
Kalimantan
Maize, W.
Kalimantan Sago, Papua
NPV (USD/ha/yr)
Agriculture 1) 896 2,421 4,421 315 478
Initial land uses
Difference in net emissions from biomass carbon loss and
gain and peat decomposition (t CO2/ha/tahun)
Shrub 19.6 22.8 30.8 -3.3 -15.4
Secondary peat forest 37.9 62.5 49.1 48.9 3.0
Primary peat forest 63.3 87.9 74.5 74.3 28.4
Emission reduction cost (USD/t CO2)
Shrub 45.8 106.4 143.7 -104 -34
Secondary peat forest 23.6 38.8 90.0 7 175
Primary peat forest 14.1 27.5 59.3 5 18
Opportunity costs (USD/t CO2) at different discount factors and different LUCs
Discount factorOil palm, Jambi
Oil Palm,
Riau
Rubber, C.
Kalimantan
Shrub - Agriculture
10% 45.8 106.4 143.7
12.50% 19.5 58.0 87.3
15% 0.9 24.3 49.4
Secondary peat forest to Agric.
10% 23.6 38.8 90.0
12.50% 10.1 21.1 54.7
15% 0.4 8.9 30.9
Primary peat forest to Agric.
10% 14.1 27.5 59.3
12.50% 6.0 15.0 36.0
15% 0.3 6.3 20.4
Low input, smallholder
Degraded peatland is a subscriber of peat fire
60 cm deep burn scar from 6 days event in Oct 2014, emitting about 300 ton CO2-C ha-1 or 1101 CO2 ha-1
Photo: Maswar, 8 Oct 2014
60
cm
laye
r b
urn
t in
6 d
ays
Photo: Maswar, 8 Oct 2014
ICCTF site in Jabiren, Central Kalimantan, surrounded by peat forest fire. 8 Oct. 2014: Photo: Maswar
Farmers safeguarded their land from fire
What kind of incentives required by smallholder for rehabilitating
degraded peatland?
• Secure and (semi) permanent land tenure
• Subsidies for initial investment, especially for smallholder rubber plantation
• Infrastructure, including drainage canals and water table control system
• High quality planting materials and fertilizers
• Technical guidance
Land swap
Peat forest Degraded peatland
Hutan lindung/protection forest jur.
APL: production area jur.
APL: production area jur.
Protection forest jur.
Conclusions • Emission reduction from peatland is not a low hanging
fruit. Combination of incentives, carbon market mechanism and regulatory measures are needed to reduce emissions from peatland.
• Being an important source of emission from decomposition and fire, degraded peatland should be rehabilitated for (smallholder) livelihood and reduce peat fire risk.
• A land swap mechanism to protect natural forest is plausible, although very challenging. It requires an agrarian reform.
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