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Feeding Sows for Maximum Lifetime Production - Dr. Matt Culbertson, Genus - PIC, from the 2014 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-16, 2014, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-leman-swine-conference-material
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Feeding Sows for Maximum Lifetime Production
What are we trying to measure?
• Chronological age• There is no greater harm than that of time
wasted - Michelangelo
• Other options• Parity at removal• Pigs / day of productive life• Lifetime pigs / gilt entered
Reasons for RemovalEvaluating Differences in Retention
Taken from Culbertson, 2007; Discover Conference
Reasons for RemovalEvaluating Differences in Retention
Taken from Culbertson, 2007; Discover Conference
Gilt Development Feeding ProgramThe Non-Negotiables
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1 2 3 4 5
Litt
er
Siz
e (
TB
)
Parity
Figure 1: Performance By Parity Based on P-1 Litter Size
<= 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 >=17
5.1K females w/full data from P1 to P5 in the US Midwest. Different farms, health status, and genotypes (70% CAMs)Source: Pinilla, Molinari, Coates, Piva, Thompson, Teuber and Canavate (2014)
• By far, largest variation in litter size is at P1. • Good gilts are consistently good sows: sow lifetime performance is
decided in P1• 1 pig difference at P1 = 0.4 pigs per farrowing in the P1-P5 interval.
Reasons for Removal
• General agreement across data sets and with current industry experience• Repro failure and poor
performance• Old age and feet / leg• Mortality / injury
Impact of Seasonal Infertility
• What is seasonal infertility?• A reduction in ability to successfully demonstrate
normal estrus behavior or produce a target quality litter from matings during the late summer months
• Why?• Pig is naturally a seasonal breeder…domestication
has changed the need
Impacts of Seasonal InfertilityWhat Happens?
• Increase in…• Wean to service interval• Regular / Irregular returns• Number of anoestrus gilts
• Decrease in…• Farrowing rate• Numbers farrowed
Why is Lifetime Performance Important?Impact on System Profitability
• Impact on wean pig cost• Welfare implications• Health and production implications for
growing pigs
Feeding Females for Maximum Lifetime Production
So…where should we focus…
Breeding
WeaningFarro
win
g
Birth
Impacting Future Results
• Distinct phases with differing goals• Gilt development• Breeding to farrowing• Farrowing to breeding
• Components of feeding program• Management
considerations• Diet and ingredients
Gilt Development ProgramThe Non-Negotiables
• Always remember the impact of P1 performance on lifetime production
• Increasing chances to get better P1 performance by– Ad lib feed until first breeding and ensure an
optimum ADG range allow higher litter size in P1
– HNS program that make the system to breed 95%+ of the gilts with at least 1 HNS
Gilt Development ProgramThe Non-Negotiables
• Design the GDU to allow optimum management for the practical variation that exists in how we use them today
- Dynamic flows to match up with the utilization of health management programs to combat specific scenarios
- Stocking densities, flooring and feeder/water space that contribute to growth performance and high rates of voluntary selection
Gilt DevelopmentNutrition Considerations
• Recommendations• Ad libitum feeding for maximum performance• Lysine : Calorie ratio similar to market hogs• Gilt specific diets after approximately 135lb
• Increased micronutrients• Higher calcium and phosphorous• Potential inclusion of zinc, manganese, copper
• Avoid terminal market diets• Sow VTM starting at this point
Gilt Development ProgramImpact of Gain on P1 Performance
• Faster growing gilts attain puberty earlier and have lower anoestrus rate (Bertolozzo et al., 2009)
• Slow growing gilts don’t do as well as faster growing ones but up to some point….Lameness can be a problem (culling) when breeding gilts to heavy
Source: Adapted from G. Castro
Gilt Development ProgramImpact of Flushing Pre-Breeding
Farm Avg. Sow Inventory
Avg. TB Pre Avg TB Post Difference
1 2,600 13.5 14.2 0.7
2 3,500 13.5 14.1 0.6
3 2,700 13.6 14.4 0.8
4 1,300 12.7 13.6 0.9
5 1,300 12.6 13.9 1.3
6 5,600 12.9 14.2 1.3
Total or Avg 17,000 1.2
Source: Adapted from: Pinilla, Teuber, Piva and Coates (2013). AASV Proceedings
Marginal Cost = $6.8 (18 d full feed; +2.5 lb/d) ; $0.15/lb) Marginal Revenue = $40.8 (1.2 pigs x 85% piglet conversion x $40 piglet
price)MOFC = $ 34.1 per giltCost : Benefit = 1 : 5
Gilt Development ProgramImpact of Managing Weight at Mating
In average, every 10% of heavier gilts…Add 0.7 extra days in WSI
Reduce P2 litter size vs P1 by 0.3 pigsPractical Implication – How to manage the variation?
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
Figure 2: Effect Of >240 Day Old Gilts on Subsequent WSI Length & P2 Litter Size
WSI, days P2 littersize
% of Gilts Bred Above the Weight/Age Range
Gilt Development ProgramTraining for Electronic Sow FeedingTraining Flow:
Breeding
Go to pen in max 3 days after
breeding
Go to pen
after 35 days of gestatio
n
orFull Feed for 2 weeks
Training for 2 weeks
Contact with gates
GROWER GDU SOW FARM
Gilt Weight
60-210lbs 210-280lbs 280-300lbs 300-320lbs
Gilt Development ProgramImpact of Health Acclimation Program
• Total Intake • Aggressive
• 6 lb increase• On Demand
• 30 lb increase
• Wean-to estrus interval
• Cycling sows only • Slow: 5.4 d• Aggressive: 5.3 d• Full: 5.3 d
Farrowing to BreedingImpact of Maximizing Lactation Intake
Slow Aggressive Full on Demand 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
28.13
14.13 15.15
Sows Not Bred 7-d Post-Wean
So
ws
no
t b
red
7-d
po
st-w
ean
, %
Data from PIC C29 sow population
Farrowing to BreedingImpact of Maximizing Lactation Intake
RANGE OF ADFI n TB WEI WT VAR
< 10 LBS 36 12.61 5.36 -5.93
10.0-10.4 28 13.11 5.32 -4.69
10.5-10.9 48 13.38 5.40 -3.17
11.0-11.4 71 13.42 5.14 -2.58
11.5-11.9 170 13.56 5.47 -2.66
12.0-12.5 71 13.85 4.77 -3.46
Within a sow population, lactation feed intake is still one of the biggest sources of variation in subsequent performance
(48) (54) (58) (59) (63)
Lysine Impact on Milk Production
P4+ Lysine Requirement
• 10 treatment groups consuming between 35.2 and 78.2 grams SID Lysine/day from Corn-SBM based diet
• Using Linear broken line analysis, the SID Lysine requirement for older Parity sows was found to be 62 g/d to maximize Litter Weight Gain.
• This is similar to the results found for P1 animals
Farrowing to BreedingPreliminary Proof of Concept – Intake after Weaning
Parity distribution: P1= 21%, P2 – P5 = 69%, P6+ = 10%Weanings of September of 2013.N= 250 sows.Nipple drinkers and dry feed.
Farrowing to WeaningPost-Weaning Intake – Concepts We Gathered
• When well managed and healthy, weaned sows tend to eat more than people believe they will
• It’s key to realize the value of the feed eaten after the weaning
• Be careful of items that limit intake – running water too soon, etc
• Feed weaned sows at least twice daily• Main effect is realized in Parities 2 and 3
Trial Control Difference Better/Worse
Avg WSI 4.8 d 6.2 d 1.4 d Better
Bred by d 7 96.4% 87.6% 8.8% Better
Litter Size 13.7 12.4 1.3 Better
Farrowing to BreedingFeeding the Weaned Sow – Field Validation
Trial Control Difference Better/Worse
Avg WSI 4.4 d 5.3 d 0.9 d Better
Bred by d 7 97.5% 92.8% 4.7% Better
Sows 279 391
Total Feed 41 lb 30 lb 11 lb Better
ADFI 9.3 lb/d 5.7 lb/d 3.6 lb/d Better
Litter Size 13.9 12.9 1.0 Better
Source: PIC non-published data (2014).
Marginal Cost = $1.4 (11 lb x $0.13/d) Marginal Revenue = $34 (1.0 pig x 85% piglet conversion x $40
piglet price)MOFC = $ 32.6 / sow
Cost : Benefit = 1 : 23
Novel Focus AreasSeasonal Infertility
• New research is being done that highlights potential opportunities to modulate response of some at-risk females• Increases sow herd performance• Improves breeding female retention
• Special thanks to David Rosero for his recent dissertation on work conducted in the Hanor system
Seasonal InfertilityLinoleic Acid’s Impact on Pregnancy Retention
Taken from Rosero, 2014; “Nutritional Value of Dietary Lipids in Lactating Sow Diets “
Seasonal InfertilityLinoleic Acid Impact on Culling Rate
Taken from Rosero, 2014; “Nutritional Value of Dietary Lipids in Lactating Sow Diets “
Diet ConsiderationsLinoleic Acid’s Impact on Farrowing Rate
Taken from Rosero, 2014; “Nutritional Value of Dietary Lipids in Lactating Sow Diets “
Diet ConsiderationsLinoleic Acid Impact on Future Litter Size
Taken from Rosero, 2014; “Nutritional Value of Dietary Lipids in Lactating Sow Diets “
Dietary ConsiderationsEconomics of Added Energy
Taken from Rosero, 2014; “Nutritional Value of Dietary Lipids in Lactating Sow Diets “
Dietary ConsiderationsEconomics of Added Linoleic Acid
Taken from Rosero, 2014; “Nutritional Value of Dietary Lipids in Lactating Sow Diets “
So…what does this mean?
• Have a good plan on gilt development• Facilities and flows – for the routine/routine
and the routine/special scenarios• Good growing gilt performance = good sow
performance• Time spent on gilt development is a good
investment• Heat no serve• Flushing pre-breeding• ESF training
So…what does this mean?
• Managing the sow herd has two distinct phases• Breeding to farrowing
• Managing body condition• Less critical than historically thought
• Farrowing to breeding• Not farrowing to weaning• All about maximizing good intake
So…what does this mean?
• Changing realities should cause us to continue to challenge our perspectives• Higher total production output• Greater efficiency of the biological process• Changing production environments – facilities, health,
etc
• Continually search for and revisit opportunities • Novel nutritional strategies• Acclimation / health programs• Expectations for the pigs and people
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