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Honey Production & Processing
PRESENTED BY:SHRUTHI .K
Honey• Sweet fluid produced by honey
bees. • Derived from flower nectar.• Sweetness comes from
monosaccharides ,fructose and glucose.
• It has a long history in human consumption and is used in various foods and beverages as a sweetener and flavouring agent.
FATHER OF AMERICAN BEEKEEPING
TOP PRODUCERS• 2012– China– Turkey– Ukraine– Spain is also an important producer
SPECIES OF HONEYBEES1.WILD HONEYBEE
Apis florea Apis dorsata
• Apis andreniformis
• Apis laboriosa
2.DOMESTICATED HONEYBEES
Apis mellifera Apis cerana
CASTES OF HONEYBEES1.QUEEN
It is the mother of the colony
There is only one queen in a hive
She can lay over 1500 eggs per day
She will live for 2-8 years.
2.DRONESDrones are male member of the
familyThey are present in few hundred in
number in a hiveTheir life span is
6-8 weeksThey are stingless,
defenseless and unable to feed themselves
3. WORKERSThey are sterile
females. The worker bee
comprises the bulk of the population in the colony
The worker cells are flat hexagonal cells.
The workers usually live for about 5-6 weeks.
CASTES OF HONEYBEE
BEEHIVE PRODUCTS AND THEIR USES
WHAT IS ROYAL JELLY ?Royal jelly is the food fed to queen bee larvae. It is a creamy white color and is very rich in proteins and fatty acids. It is produced by mouth glands in young bees. Each queen needs only a teaspoon of royal jelly, so as health product it is very expensive.
WHAT IS BEE WAX?• Bee wax is one of the
valuable product of bee keeping industry.
• The wax is secreted by workers bees.
• The wax is discharged as a liquid later turns to pearly white scales.
• The bees have to consume 10-15 kg of honey to produce 1 kg of beewax.
WHAT IS PROPOLIS ?
• Propolis is a sticky, gummy resinous material gathered by bees.
• It can be used as a healing agent.
• Effective against Itching.
WHAT IS BEE VENOM?
• It is a clear liquid with sharp bitter taste, aromatic odour an acidic reaction.
• It is effective against asthma, neurosis, migraine.
• It increases haemoglobin content and decreases cholesterol and blood pressure.
Honey Production• Bee collect honey as a food
source• After collecting nectar the
bees use their honey stomachs to ingest and regurgitate the nectar a number of times until it is partially digested
• It is then stored in honeycomb cells
• After the final reguritation the honeycomb is left unsealed
• The process continues as bees inside the hive fan their wings to create a strong draft across the honeycomb
• This enhances evaporation which raises the sugar concentration and prevents fermentation
Inside the Hive• 1 Queen bee• Seasonally variable number of drone
male bees• 20,000-40,000 female worker bees– They raise the larve and collect the nectar
that becomes honey in the hive
HONEY SUPER
What is a honey super?
It is a hive box filled with honey.
Capped honeyIn a frame
How to take the honey supers off the hive
Various methods are used to drive bees
from a honey super/frames.
•Brushing/knocking them off the frames•Using bee escapes of various kinds.•Using a bee blower•Using Fume pads
BRUSHINGThis is time consuming but does little
damage to the bees.
.
BEE ESCAPE
•Using bee escapes of various kinds. Inner cover with bee escape placed in vent hole.
Conical bee escape
BEE BLOWER
USING FUME PADS
Removing honey from honey supers
.
Removing honey from honey supers
•The process of removing honey from supers is called “extracting” if liquid honey is being obtained. For the sake of time, we are not going to discuss comb honey production. This is a topic for a more advanced class.
•The process begins with removing the cappings from the honey comb. This is usually done with a knife. If you have several supers of honey to extract, it pays to have a good knife.
•catalog.
Removing honey from honey supers
•Some of the equipment if you plan on getting into commercial beekeeping. Buildings to house your business, moving equipment such as trucks, and skid loader, honey house and supper storage, and of course a lot of bee hives.
Extracting Honey
HONEY EXTRACTOR
•The extractor
•A plastic uncapping tub
•Bottling bucket
•Capping scratcher
•A uncapping knife
•Our illustration is from the 2007 Dadant catalog.
PROCESSING OF HONEY• Uncap combs• Insert in extractor• Crank centrifuge• Honey draining• Closeup• Our output
Classifying Honey By Its Floral Source
Classifying Honey By Its Floral Source
• Classifed by the floral source of the nectar from which it was made
• Honeys can be from specific types of flower nectars, from indeterminate origins or blended after collection
BLENDED HONEY• Most commercially available honey• Mix of 2 or more honeys differing in
floral source, color, flavor, density or geographic origin
PASTEURIZED HONEY• Reduces mouisture
levels, destroys yeast cells, liquefies crystals
• Sterlizes the honey and improves shelf life
POLYFLORAL HONEY• Wildflower honey• Derived from the nectar of
many types of flowers• Taste may vary year to
year• Aroma and flavor can be
more or less intense depending on which bloomings are prevalent
MONOFLORAL HONEY • Made primarily from
the nectar of one type of flower
• Typical North America Monofloral honeys are– Clover– Orange blossom– Eucalyptus–Manuka– Buckwheat– Sourwood
HONEYDEW HONEY• Made from the sweet
secretions of aphids or other plant sap-sucking insects
• Dark in color with a rich fragrance
• Not as sweet as nectar honeys
• Popular in some areas (Germany’s Black Forest and some portions of Bulgaria)
• Production is much more complicated and dangerous
COMB HONEY• Meant to be
consumed still in the wax comb
• Collected by using standard wooden frames in honey supers
• The frames are collected and the comb is cut out in chunks before packaging
CHUNK HONEY• Chunk honey is
honey packed in widemouth containers consisting of one or more pieces of comb honey immersed in extracted liquid
ORGANIC HONEY• Produced, processed
and packaged in accordance with national regulations and certified as such by some government body or an independent organic farming certification organization
CRYSTALLIZED HONEY• Also called granulated
honey• Some part of the
glucose content has spontaneously crystallized from solution as a monohydrate
RAW HONEY
• Honey as it exsists in the beehive or as obtained by extraction, settling or straining without adding heat above 120 degrees F
STRAINED HONEY
• Honey that has been passed through a strain to remove particulate material without removing pollen, minerals or valuable enzymes
FILTERED HONEY• Honey processed by
very fine filtration under high pressure
• Removes all extraneous solids and pollen grains
• Very clean• Has a longer shelf
life• Preferred by the
supermarket trade
ULTRASONICATED HONEY
• Processed by ultrasonication• Non-thermal alternative for
processing• Destroys most of the yeast
cells and those that are not destroyed generally lose their ability to grow
• Reduces the rate of fermentation
WHIPPED HONEY• Aka—creamed honey,
spun honey, churned honey, candied honey, honey fondant
• Processed to control cyrstallization
• Also produces a honey with a smooth spreadable consistancy
PACKAGING OF HONEY• Generally honey bottled in its familiar liquid form
STORAGE• Suitable for long term• Recommended to be stored
for 2 (max. 3) years• Main goal is to prevent
fermentation• Best honey is that in the comb
that has been sealed with wax by the bee
• Should not be stored in metal containers. Ceramic or wood are best
• Dark, dry place to prevent moisture absorption
HONEY GRADING• Voluntary• Based on USDA
standards• Quality is based on –Water content– Flavor– Soluble solids– Aroma– Clarity– Absence of defects– color
HONEY GRADES• Grade A-
Good• Grade B-
Reasonably Good
• Grade C-Fairly Good
• Substandard- Poor
FOOD AND COOKING• Main uses are
cooking, baking and as a spread on breads
• Also used as an addition to tea
• Sweetener in commercial beverages
SOURCES• Wikipedia—www.wikipedia.org• Argus Leader—
www.argusleader.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=20090323/BJUPDATES/90323038
• http://www.state.sd.us/doa/das/valu_bee.htm• http://www.madeinsouthdakota.com/Cat
alog/Category.cfm?catId=587
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