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ARFF9–2
Chapter 9 Lesson Goal
• After completing this lesson, the student shall be able to recall basic facts about apparatus use, operation and safety in aircraft rescue and fire fighting.
ARFF9–3
Objectives
1.Discuss apparatus inspection and maintenance procedures. 2.Describe principles of safe vehicle operation. 3.Discuss ARFF vehicle operational considerations.
(Continued)
ARFF9–4
Objectives
4.Discuss agent discharge. 5. Discuss resupply. 6.Describe auxiliary systems and compressed-air foam systems.
ARFF9–5
Apparatus Inspection and Maintenance
• SOPs for inspection/maintenance• Driver/operators
– Study operator’s manual– Knowledge of vehicle
(Continued)
ARFF9–6
Apparatus Inspection and Maintenance
• Vehicle operator’s manuals– Apparatus data– Inspection checklists– Lubrication charts– Troubleshooting guides
ARFF9–7
General Inspection Procedures and Safety
• Plan for inspecting vehicles– Manufacturer’s requirements– Department needs
• Vehicle inspection– Vehicles operate properly when
needed– Keep driver/operators skilled
(Continued)
ARFF9–8
General Inspection Procedures and Safety
• Daily inspection– Engine fluid levels– Fire fighting agent
levels– Setting
mirrors/safety equipment
– Operational test(Continued)
ARFF9–9
General Inspection Procedures and Safety
• Wash ARFF vehicles– Off road operation– Inclement weather– Abnormally dirty
ARFF9–10
General Inspection Procedures and Safety: Guidelines
• Stop engine and accessory operations
• Chock vehicle wheels• Use nonflammable solvent for
cleaning• Keep hands, feet, and loose
clothing away from belts, pulleys, and drive shafts (Continued)
ARFF9–11
General Inspection Procedures and Safety: Guidelines
• Do not smoke• Remove rings, watches, and other
metallic objects• Wear protective clothing
ARFF9–12
Foam System Inspection and Testing
• Daily basis — making sure agent tank is full
• Annually — testing foam proportioning system– Improper foam concentrate
proportion creates problems– NFPA® 412 allows two methods
ARFF9–13
Foam Solution Refractivity Testing
• Performed with a refractometer• Test quality of foam solution after
it is created• Recommended for protein- and
fluoroprotein-based and Film Forming Fluoroprotein (FFFP) foam solutions
(Continued)
ARFF9–14
Foam Solution Refractivity Testing
• Not accurate for synthetic-based foams
• Equipment that can be operated at more than one setting– Three samples– Separate charts
Courtesy of John Demyan, LVI Airport.
ARFF9–15
Foam Solution Conductivity Testing
• Used to check quality of synthetic-based foams– Synthetic-based foams are light in
color; refractivity tests are not accurate
– Can be used for all foams
(Continued)
ARFF9–16
Foam Solution Conductivity Testing
• Does not rely on color• Relies on ability to conduct
electricity• Three methods
– Direct reading conductivity testing– Conductivity comparison testing– Conductivity calibration curve testing
ARFF9–17
Dry-Chemical System Inspection and Testing
• Monitor cylinder pressure during normal apparatus checks
(Continued)
ARFF9–18
Dry-Chemical System Inspection and Testing
• Filling and safety instructions– Wear dust mask/respiratory filter– Fill to manufacturer’s rated capacity– Clean fill opening threads and gasket
seating surface– Examine gasket for damage– Reset the indicator
(Continued)
ARFF9–19
Dry-Chemical System Inspection and Testing
• Testing– Expensive– Time consuming– Follow manufacturer’s safety
procedures
(Continued)
ARFF9–20
Dry-Chemical System Inspection and Testing
• Dry chemical – Can settle and pack– May require agent
fluffing
• Handlines– Should be
completely blown out– Agent can block
hoses
ARFF9–21
Clean-Agent Extinguishing Systems
• Usually stored in pressurized vessels
• Dispensed using gases such as argon or dry nitrogen
• Dispensed through handlines• Require little inspection• Follow manufacturer’s procedures
(Continued)
ARFF9–22
Clean-Agent Extinguishing Systems
• WARNING! Firefighters have been killed from improperly servicing pressurized systems. Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions whenever servicing any pressurized system.
ARFF9–23
Principles of Safe Vehicle Operation
• ARFF vehicles — larger and heavier than structural fire apparatus
• NFPA® 1002 describes driving skills
(Continued)
Courtesy of Doddy Photography.
ARFF9–24
Principles of Safe Vehicle Operation
• Emergency Vehicle Operations Course (EVOC)– Braking and reaction time– Rollover awareness and avoidance– Skid avoidance, control, and recovery– Safe acceleration and deceleration
• Wear seat belts!
ARFF9–25
Braking Reaction Times
• Driver reaction time — time it takes to react to a situation
• Total stopping distance components– Perception distance– Reaction distance– Braking distance
(Continued)
ARFF9–26
Braking Reaction Times
• Total stopping distancePerception Distance + Reaction Distance + Braking Distance = Total Stopping Distance
ARFF9–27
Avoiding Rollover
• ARFF vehicles — tendency to roll over
• Higher center of gravity
• Lateral Acceleration Indicator — indicate vehicle attitude when turning
ARFF9–28
Speed and Centrifugal Force
• Faster a vehicle is driven; longer it will take to safely stop
• Speed affects ability to be turned– Centrifugal force– Overturning
• Speed — major cause of accidents
ARFF9–29
Skid Avoidance
• Skid — tires lose grip on the road• Most common skid — rear wheels
lose traction– Excessive braking– Excessive acceleration
• Front wheel skids — driving too fast
(Continued)
ARFF9–30
Skid Avoidance
• Hydroplaning — direction control is partially or totally lost because of water on the roadway
ARFF9–31
Acceleration/Deceleration
• Responding to an emergency– Arrive safely– Arrive quickly
• ARFF vehicles require longer stopping distances
(Continued)
ARFF9–32
Acceleration/Deceleration
• Over-acceleration and excessive deceleration burden vehicle– Engine– Transmission– Braking system
ARFF9–33
Operational Considerations: On the Airport
• Majority of driving done on airport property– Familiar with airport layout– Aircraft parking areas present special
challenges
(Continued)
ARFF9–34
Operational Considerations: On the Airport
• WARNING! ARFF driver/operators should NEVER, under any circumstances, drive under the wing of a parked or moving aircraft. Doing so places the ARFF crew and vehicle in great danger.
(Continued)
ARFF9–35
Operational Considerations: On the Airport
• Route taken – May have advanced warning– Predesignated response routes
ARFF9–36
Loose or Wet Soil
• Know off-road capabilities– Tire diameter, width, inflation
pressure, and deflection– Deflate tires– Central Inflation/Deflation Systems
(CISD)
ARFF9–37
Loose or Wet Soil: Safe Operations in Rough Terrain
• Wear seat and shoulder belts• Do not wrap thumbs around wheel• Lock doors and wear a helmet• Secure loose objects
(Continued)
ARFF9–38
Loose or Wet Soil: Safe Operations in Rough Terrain
• Have someone walk ahead and guide in questionable areas
(Continued)
ARFF9–39
Loose or Wet Soil: Safe Operations in Rough Terrain
• Check questionable areas yourself• Look at conditions before leaving
hard surface• Avoid freestanding water• Maintain steady speed, keep
wheels straight
(Continued)
ARFF9–40
Loose or Wet Soil: Safe Operations in Rough Terrain
• Keep driving if start to lose traction• Stop only if stuck or to position
vehicle• Keep headlights and windows
clean
ARFF9–41
Loose or Wet Soil: Parking in Off-Road Conditions
• Turn around and stop, facing the way you will be leaving
• Get out and check an area before backing into it
• Make sure adequate ground support
• Walk around vehicle
ARFF9–42
Loose or Wet Soil: Navigating Muddy or Sandy Terrain
• Maintain movement with the least amount of strain on the vehicle, engine, and power train
• Increase speed uphill, reduce speed downhill
• Lock differentials if necessary
(Continued)
ARFF9–43
Loose or Wet Soil: Navigating Muddy or Sandy Terrain
• Maintain steady, even rate of movement
• Keep transmission in lowest ranges• Anticipate/avoid difficult spots
ARFF9–44
Automatic Transmission Shifting
• Lower gear range – May be desirable– Greater engine braking effect
• Gear range 2 — for vehicle speed control up or down steep grades, or other uneven, unusual, or undesirable road conditions.
(Continued)
ARFF9–45
Automatic Transmission Shifting
• First gear range (creeper gear) – Slow, severe load and grade
operations– Off-road conditions– Pulling through mud and snow– Provides greatest traction and engine
braking action
• Manually shift in gear ranges 2-5
ARFF9–46
Returning to Normal Driving
• Disengage the accelerator, then disengage the differential locking switch
• Stop and inspect the vehicle for damage
(Continued)
ARFF9–47
Returning to Normal Driving
• Remove mud, stones, or other potential foreign object debris (FOD)
• Make sure all equipment is secure
ARFF9–48
Steep Grades
• ARFF vehicles designed to function on steep grades
• Operator’s manuals– Grade-ability– Obstacle climbing ability– Side slope stability
(Continued)
ARFF9–50
Vehicle Clearance of Obstacles
• Stuck vehicles — major cause is by catching on something underneath it
• Know ground clearance of the vehicle
ARFF9–51
Changes in Surface Elevation
• Cross shallow ditches using low gear ranges and proceeding slowly
• Enter the ditch obliquely • Use the differential locks if
advisable• Accelerate enough to keep the
vehicle rolling after reaching the bottom of a ditch
ARFF9–52
Crossing a Gully
• Look formations over carefully• Approach slowly, in low gear,
differential locks engaged, and at a right angle to the edge
• Ease the front wheels into the gully by using the brakes
(Continued)
ARFF9–53
Crossing a Gully
• Increase speed when the wheels hit bottom
• Drive around larger obstacles
ARFF9–54
Limited Space for Turnaround
• Many areas provide limited space for turning
• Driver/operator – Must visualize vehicle’s turning radius– Practice
ARFF9–55
Side Slopes
• Avoid side-hill situations whenever possible
• Move extremely slowly • Keep the wheels on the uphill side
of the road
(Continued)
ARFF9–57
Backing a Vehicle
• Avoid when possible, follow safety precautions – Look at the line of travel– Get out, walk around vehicle if alone– Back as slowly as possible in direction
that provides the best visibility– Use a guide/second guide when
available (Continued)
ARFF9–58
Backing a Vehicle
• Driver is responsible for backing the vehicle– Should always see the guide– Stop backing if lose sight of the guide– Driver must keep window rolled down– At night, all available lighting should
be used(Continued)
ARFF9–59
Backing a Vehicle
• Guide– Should not leave
position until driver signals
– Can use a portable radio
Courtesy of Doddy Photography.
ARFF9–60
Backing a Vehicle
• ARFF apparatus – Should be equipped with an alarm
system that warns others the vehicle is backing up
– May be equipped with backing sensors
– May be equipped with rear-mounted video camera
ARFF9–61
Night Driving
• Airfield appears different at night
• Driver/operators should practice– Driver’s enhanced
vision system (DEVS) – Forward Looking
Infra-Red (FLIR) system
ARFF9–62
Off-Airport Resources
• ARFF driver/operators — should be trained and prepared to operate their vehicles under conditions found off-site
• Height and weight limits of bridges — influence selection of off-site response routes
ARFF9–63
Adverse Environmental or Driving-Surface Conditions
• Adverse environmental conditions —contributing factor in delayed ARFF responses– Can be difficult to see an aircraft that
has no lights or is not burning– Use extreme caution when
approaching a suspected accident/incident site
(Continued)
ARFF9–64
Adverse Environmental or Driving-Surface Conditions
• Driver/operators– Knowing possible location of the
accident/incident helps take the best route
– Must be familiar with airport layout
ARFF9–65
Maneuvering and Positioning ARFF Apparatus
• Do not – Get locked into trying to protect a
large fuselage and spill fire from a single parking spot.
– Position based solely on tradition or department procedures
(Continued)
ARFF9–66
Maneuvering and Positioning ARFF Apparatus
• Position and apply agent based on the situation
• Do whatever is necessary and move wherever is needed to extinguish all of the fire
ARFF9–67
Wreckage Patterns
• Wreckage pattern factors– Direction and speed on impact– Weather conditions– Size of aircraft– Type of crash – Location of the crash site– Type of terrain
(Continued)
ARFF9–68
Wreckage Patterns
• Wreckage problems for personnel – Large debris– Victims– Fire– Hazardous materials
• Bumps — may be wreckage, debris, or even victims
ARFF9–69
Survivors
• Aircraft occupant evacuation – If passengers and crew are capable of
escaping on their own, many will be out before ARFF units arrive
– Will affect positioning apparatus
(Continued)
ARFF9–70
Survivors
• Fuel spill– Evacuating persons and the aircraft
must be protected and isolated – Intact wing fuel cells need to be
protected – Fuel spill threatening the aircraft
should be controlled within one minute after arrival of ARFF
ARFF9–71
Terrain
• Must be familiar with the terrain of the airport and nearby areas
• Terrain presents problems• Key to handling problems
– Anticipate problems – Be familiar with airport and
surrounding areas
ARFF9–72
Agent Discharge: Agent Management
• Most ARFF foam apparatus exhaust their agent capacity in approximately 90-120 seconds
• Driver/operators must know – How must of each agent is carried – Realistic fire fighting capabilities of
that amount of agent
ARFF9–73
Agent Discharge: Agent Management Guidelines
• Do not waste agent during the approach
• Get close enough to effectively utilize turrets and reach the fire
(Continued)
ARFF9–74
Agent Discharge: Agent Management Guidelines
• Utilize the proper turret pattern or flow
• Do not over or undershoot the fire• Use low flow at close range in an
apparatus that has dual flow capabilities
ARFF9–75
Agent Management: Effects of Terrain and Wind
• Terrain affects agent application• Wind — detrimental effects on fire
streams• Discharge agent from best possible
location• May have to work in varying wind
directions
ARFF9–76
Reach, Penetration, and Application
• ARFF vehicles have characteristics that determine performance– Agent-application rate– Pressure– Distance
• Know the vehicle’s turret reach
(Continued)
ARFF9–77
Reach, Penetration, and Application
• Must be able to determine how the agent will affect the fire, make sure the agent is reaching and extinguishing– Discharging the agent a few seconds
at a time can best do this– Allows foam to work and spread
across the burning fuel and conserves agent
(Continued)
ARFF9–78
Reach, Penetration, and Application
• Extendable turret– Much further reach– Ability to attack from lower positions– Ability to place the agent closer to the
base of the fire
(Continued)
ARFF9–79
Reach, Penetration, and Application
• Driver/operator must develop technique– Roof/bumper turret is difficult – Environmental concerns can make
frequent training difficult
• Learn vehicle’s reach by setting up a course using a traffic cone and softball (Continued)
ARFF9–80
Reach, Penetration, and Application
• Pump-and-roll capability — driving toward a fire and after engaging the fire fighting system, begin fire attack
ARFF9–81
Water Resupply
• Water — most common resupply need – Large foam
concentrate tanks– Steady supply of
water needed
ARFF9–82
Foam Concentrate Resupply
• Foam concentrate resupply – Filling a few gallons (liters) of foam
from 5-gallon (20 L) containers– Using foam tenders to fill ARFF
vehicles
• “Rapid resupply”– Use of cam-lock of Storz fittings– Using a pump (Continued)
ARFF9–83
Foam Concentrate Resupply
• Preincident planning — worst-case scenario– Agent needed to extinguish fire in
largest aircraft expected at that airport
– Helps decide best resupply system
ARFF9–84
Dry Chemical and Clean Agent Supply
• Not practical to resupply ARFF apparatus dry-chemical or clean-agent systems during an incident
• Special servicing requirements
ARFF9–86
Compressed-air Foam Systems
• Use either – A stored premixed solution of foam
concentrate and water – A proportioned foam solution drawn
from foam concentrate and water tanks on the apparatus
(Continued)
ARFF9–87
Compressed-air Foam Systems
• Compressed air is injected into the foam solution
• ARFF industry is interested in this process
• Work well on small fuel spills and fires on the flight line
ARFF9–88
Summary
• ARFF driver/operators are responsible for the vehicles to which they are assigned. They should ensure that their vehicles are properly inspected and that apparatus’ extinguishing systems are tested and in working order.
(Continued)
ARFF9–89
Summary
• Driver/operators are also responsible for safely getting their vehicles to a scene and positioning their vehicles. They must understand the limitations of ARFF vehicles and drive within those limitations.
(Continued)
ARFF9–90
Summary
• They must also know how to safely traverse a variety of slopes, terrain, and weather both by day and night. They should understand and utilize all of the driving assistance systems.
(Continued)
ARFF9–91
Summary
• Driver/operators are responsible for administering foam agent from turrets and other outlets on vehicles.
ARFF9–92
Review Questions
1.What are the components of a daily inspection? 2.What are the methods of testing a foam proportioning system for calibration accuracy? 3.How is a direct reading conductivity test performed?
(Continued)
ARFF9–93
Review Questions
4. What filling and safety instructions should be followed when adding dry chemical to an agent tank? 5.How is total stopping distance figured? 6.What is hydroplaning?
(Continued)
ARFF9–94
Review Questions
7.What is the most important driving situation for ARFF crew members? 8.What are some practices to follow when transitioning from off-road to on-road driving?
(Continued)
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