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Dr Sithabiso Gandure
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Context and Current Social
Protection in Zimbabwe
Dr Sithabiso Gandure
CASS, University of Zimbabwe
Why
Do we Need to View Social
Protection Differently in
Zimbabwe?
The Landscape has Changed• We are dealing with Multiple Stressors operating at
different scales – Economic shocks
– Reduced employment opportunities
– Growing poverty
– Climate change (Rainfall and temperature variability)
– HIV/AIDS
– Governance / policy failure
– Land access
• Its an “entangled” situation
• The situation is changing so rapidly
• Policy debates are evident yet minimal convergence around
implementation
The Case Load is Greater and Diverse
• Many people are in greater need of protection
• Issues of exclusion in terms of sector and groups
of people in need.
• Urban versus rural in terms of need and biases in
support
The Resources are Few and Decreasing
• Demand of social protection interventions is
increasing against reduced financial resources
• Delivery and support has been affected- many
development organisations are either reducing
their support or have closed projects
The Enabling Environment is Poor
• Created by both government, private sector,
donors
• Poor governance and management of SP schemes
• Human rights, civic rights and social inequities
are undermined
What does this mean?
• The problem will not get better but worse
• Short term solutions will provide short term
results
• Thinking further and broader for long-term
lasting solutions
• Need to strengthen efforts of empowering
local communities
ATTRIBUTE EXPLANATION
Predictability Paid or distributed regularly not as a reaction
to a crisis (weekly, monthly, seasonal,
annual).
Consistency and
Transparency
Timely in content, quality and duration
Durability Long lasting (can be short term in
emergencies), guaranteed and reliable.
We need to be thinking about........KEY ATTRIBUTES OF SOCIAL PROTECTION
CATEGORIES OF SOCIAL PROTECTION
CATEGORY PURPOSE
Protective To provide relief from deprivation
Preventive To avert deprivation
Promotive To enhance income and capabilities
Transformative To address social equity and exclusion
SECTOR PUBLIC ASSISTANCE
EDUCATION
BEAM (Govt)
Support to Children in Difficult Circumstances (GVT)
Block Grants & Resource Exchange (NGO)
School Feeding Programmes (NGO)
School Fees Bursaries (PVT)
HEALTH Assisted Medical Treatment Order (GVT)
Home Based Care (NGO, CO)
SOCIAL INSURANCE
AIDS Levy (GVT)
Medical AID Societies (PVT)
FOOD &
NUTRITION
Public Works/Drought Relief Support (GVT)
Food for Assets (NGO)
Monthly Food Distributions (NGO)
WFP Family Child Health Nutrition (NGO)
SECTOR PUBLIC ASSISTANCE
LIVELIHOODS
Children in Difficult Circumstances (GVT)
Institutional Grants (GVT)
Support to Families in Distress (GVT)
Maintenance of Disabled Persons (GVT)
Care for the Elderly (GVT)
Transfer to Heroes’ Dependents (GVT)
Cash Transfers (NGO)
Urban Food Vouchers (NGO)
Small Livestock Programmes (NGO)
Vulnerable Group Feeding (NGO)
Market Assistance Programme (NGO)
Input Trade Fairs (NGO)
SOCIAL EQUITY
NAP for OVC (GVT)
SECTOR PUBLIC ASSISTANCE
INFORMAL
Zunde RaMambo (CO)
Remittances (CO)
SOCIAL INSURANCE
Burial Societies
Savings Clubs
LABOUR
SOCIAL INSURANCE
Pensions and Other Benefits Scheme (Gvt)
Accident Prevention and Workers’
Compensation Scheme (Gvt)
Other occupational schemes (Pvt)
Photo: Dan Mullins, CARE
WHAT IS THE CURRENT GENERAL PERFORMANCE?
PREDICTABILITY
• Many are not predictable
• Those predictable are worthless and non-
operational
• Many react to a crisis e.g. Drought
• Are short-lived and end before they make an
impact
Lack of coordination and a guiding framework
for implementation exacerbates the situation
INCONSISTENCY & LACK OF TRANSPARENCY
• A common feature even in those
interventions that are predictable
• Capacity Constraints (human, financial)
• Many GVT programmes are cash based & yet
not adjusted to reflect the high inflationary
environment
• Donor Funding and Indecision
DURABILITY
• Current evidence unclear on how long
the social protection should last
• A balance between avoiding long-term
dependency & providing a platform for
beneficiaries to make long term
investment plans is still a debate
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