Portsmouth urban planning and health seminar, 1 December 2014

Seminar 3:Urban planning and health

1 December 2014

Claire Upton-Brown

HOW PLANNING CAME ABOUT

Town and Country Planning Act 1947

• Address impact of industrialisation

– poor housing and unhealthy

conditions

• Address north – south divide

• Address environmental concerns

PLANNING TODAY

Purpose of planning is to achieve sustainable development.

Three main roles:

• Economic role

• Social role

• Environmental role

An economic role

A Social Role

An Environmental Role

Portsmouth -

Creating a place to

High quality

public

transport

network

Attractive

architectural design

and public realm

Location of

development

Provision of

supporting

infrastructure

Attract

employers to

the city and

increase skills

Provide a

variety of

housing to

meet need

Visitor

attractions

and places

to stay

Vitality and

viability of

our town

centres

Preserve and

enhance

natural & built

environment

PLANNING IS CROSS CUTTING

PLANNING – one of the most important ways to improve health and well-being

Active Travel Open spaces and nature

conservation

Sustainable design

Planning and Health – the links

Reduce pollution

& flood risk

housing

Employment

opportunities

PLANNING IN PORTSMOUTH – THE CONTEXT

Solent LEP –drive future economic growth of the Solent Area

Strategic Economic Plan – Transforming Solent

• Deliver 5,000 jobs & 10,000

new homes by 2021

• Enable delivery of key sites

• Improve transport connectivity

• Enhance skills

• Support new businesses and SMEs

Partnership for Urban South Hampshire:

• aims to deliver sustainable economic-led

growth and regeneration and improve

quality of life

• Produces spatial strategy for the PUSH area

to achieve the above aim:

• Focus development in cities

• Provide for employment and housing

• Conserve unique natural features and

heritage

• Enable the area to become more

sustainable and resilient to climate

change

PLANNING IN PORTMSOUTH – THE CONTEXT

PLANNING IN PORTSMOUTH – what we do

Strategic Planning:

• set direction for future development of city (Portsmouth Plan, Seafront

Masterplan, City Centre Masterplan)

• deliver objectives of the SEP and PUSH strategy

• infrastructure planning

• conservation and design

Development management:

• deal with planning applications

• negotiate with developers to achieve best development

• enforcement

Facilitate delivery of key development sites

KEY PLANNING ISSUES IN PORTSMOUTH

• Accommodating development

• Housing delivery

• Floodrisk

• Regeneration

• Nature conservation

• Infrastructure

PLANNING PORTSMOUTH OVER TIME

After the war a massive reconstruction project was started in Portsmouth. The opportunity was also taken for ‘slum clearance’, the demolition of many of the city’s sub-standard houses, some of which did not have toilets or running water.

Over the centuries a lot of land has been reclaimed from the sea around

Portsmouth. This includes the area around Horsea Island (top) which today is

Port Solent, and North Harbour, which today includes a large Tesco and IBM.

Much of the land was reclaimed through landfill, as by the 1960s the municipal

landfill in Milton was coming to the end of its life.

IBM / Lakeside

Port Solent

Land reclamation happening in the 19th century, during the extension of

Portsmouth Dockyard. What is now Gunwharf Quays was also built on former

mudflats.

In 1995 Gosport and Portsmouth Councils created a joint plan to regenerate

Portsmouth Harbour for the new millennium, while reflecting on the achievements

of the previous millenniums.

In 1996, Berkeley Group bought HMS Vernon and began work on a mixed-use redevelopment scheme along with lines outlined in a Gunwharf Development Brief which the City Council had produced in 1995.

In the first ten years of being open, Gunwharf Quays attracted over 60 million visitors, bringing an annual income of £160 million and 2,000 jobs. Gunwharfhas also opened up parts of the city which had been off-limits to the public for hundreds of years.

OPPORTUNITIES

www.portsmouth.gov.uk

Green Infrastructure and Health

David Moorman – Parks Manager, PCC

Andrea Wright – Public Health Development Manager, PCC

How much green space do we have?

• 760 hectares of publically accessible green space

• Further 289 hectares of non-accessible green space

(excludes private gardens)

• 3.6 hectares per 1000 population

Southampton 4.7

Plymouth 5.1

Green space standards

• PPG17 suggests locally derived standards

• But some national standards persist

• Fields in Trust (formerly NPFA) “6-acre standard” for active

recreation

Type of green space Standard

(ha/1000)

Portsmouth’s total

(ha/1000)

Outdoor sport 1.6 0.52

Informal play space 0.55 0.80

Equipped play space 0.25 0.08

Total 2.4 1.4

ANGSt standards

• Natural England’s Accessible Natural Greenspace

Standards (ANGSt)

• “People living in towns and cities should have:”

– an accessible natural green space of at least 2 hectares in

size, no more than 300 metres from home

– one accessible 20 hectare site within two kilometres of home

– one accessible 100 hectare site within five kilometres of home

– one accessible 500 hectare site within ten kilometres of home

Some positive news

• 91% of people in Portsmouth use their local parks or

playgrounds (national = 87%).

• 95% of people in Portsmouth think it is important to have

green spaces near to where they live (national = 93%).

• Even more popular with children:

• 2.6 billion visits to the UK’s parks each year

Survey of children Portsmouth National

TellUs3 (2008) 77% 74%

TellUs4 (2009) 72% 66%

Satisfaction levels

Parks are

important

to people

Factor in making somewhere a good place to live %

The level of crime 63

Clean streets 51

Health services 41

Affordable decent housing 33

Parks and open spaces 32

Public transport 30

Shopping facilities 27

Education provision 24

The level of traffic congestion 22

Activities for teenagers 21

Job prospects 20

Wage levels and local cost of living 18

Facilities for young children 16

Road and pavement repairs 16

Access to nature 15

The level of pollution 13

Cultural facilities (e.g. cinemas, museums) 12

Sports and leisure facilities 11

Community activities 9

Race relations 2

Other 3

Volunteering

• Friends groups

• Tree wardens

• Allotment associations

It’s not just parks or playing fields

• Blue spaces

• Trees

• Allotments

• Golf courses

Accessibility

• Distance from a green space

• Physical access

• Barriers to access

www.portsmouth.gov.uk40

Accessibility

• Physical access

Accessibility

• Physical access

Barriers to access

• Antisocial behaviour

• Perceived lack of safety

• Gangs of teenagers

• Drunk and rowdy behaviour

• Uncontrolled dogs

• Dog fouling

• Litter

• Drug use

• Lack of information on what is available

Green spaces and health

Benefits:

Physical health

Mental health

Social wellbeing

Economic health

Green environment and health

• Green space in towns and cities could lead to significant

and sustained improvements in mental health – “1 in 4

people experience mental health problems in the course

of a year” (Goldberg,1991)

• Increasing green spaces in cities - such as parks and

gardens could deliver substantial benefits to public

health

• Therefore environmental policies to increase urban

green space may have sustainable public health benefitsRef: Alcock et al., 2013

Green space and health benefits

• Every 10% increase in green space is associated with a

reduction in diseases equivalent to an increase of five

years of life expectancy

• Easily accessible and safe urban forests and green spaces

have also been found to have the following health benefits:– Increased physical activity and reduced obesity

– Reduced stress levels and improvements in mental health

– Reductions in noise levels, which can improve mental and physical health

– Improvements in hospital recovery times

– Lower levels of violence and crime and increased social interactions which

can also help improve overall well-being

Ref: European Environmental Agency, 2014

Portsmouth Deprivation

• Portsmouth is ranked 76th out of 326

local authorities in England

• Charles Dickens, Paulsgrove, Cosham

and St Thomas wards are most

deprived

• Male life expectancy is significantly

shorter than England. And within the

City, life expectancy is 10.8 yrs shorter

in deprived areas for men and 6.1 yrs

for women

Green exercise

• Green exercise is activity in the presence of nature

• It leads to positive short and long-term health outcomes

• Both intensity and duration showed large benefits from short

engagements in green exercise

• Every green environment improved both self-esteem and mood;

the presence of water generated greater effects

• Men and women – similar improvements in self-esteem with the

greatest change in young; diminishing with age

• Young and old least change in mood

• Mentally ill one of the biggest improvements in self-esteem

Ref: Barton and Pretty, 201050

Green exercise

2 x Fit points – Canoe Lake and

Opposite D-Day museum

11 x Healthy walks in the city

General economic benefits

– economic growth and

investment

– land and property

values

– labour productivity

– tourism

– products from the

– health and wellbeing;

recreation and leisure

– quality of place

– land management and

biodiversity

– land management and

biodiversity

– flood alleviation and

management

– climate change

adaptation and mitigation

Ref: Groundwork UK, 201452

Social benefits

– People who live near green spaces are more likely to

feel a sense of attachment

– Overgrown or neglected spaces with damaged or

dilapidated facilities affect older people and children in

particular: parents are less likely to allow or encourage

their children to play outdoors and may perceive such

places as risky and associated with anti-social

behaviour

– Projects to improve the local environment build

friendships and a sense of community

Green spaces and play

– Play is one of the most important social benefits of

green spaces

– Open spaces enable children to develop

imagination and creativity, building dens and

interacting with the natural environment

– Play enables children to socialise and meet others

from different backgrounds, bridging cultural and

class divides

Portsmouth green and open spaces

• Around 200 non specified – green and open spaces

eg parks, playing fields, cemeteries, allotments ,

common, beach/seafront

However

measuring

usage is

very difficult

Utilising outdoor space for exercise/health

Source: Public Health Outcomes Framework, Public Health England.

Adults walking in Portsmouth for utility purposes

Access to

green space

Participation

in sport &

active

recreation

(30 mins, 3

days a week)

Increasing the Use and Enjoyment of

Accessible Open and Green Spaces in Portsmouth

• Parents in Portsmouth have strongly positive attitudes to

physical activity and outdoor play:

– 92% agree that ‘it is vital that children take regular exercise

outside’

– 88% agree that ‘children that play outside with nature around

them are happier

• Overall claimed usage of accessible open and green spaces

is reasonably high with 83% of people claiming to visit a park,

play area or open and green space at least once or twice per

• Proximity to where people live and the area having lots of

activities or things are the main reasons for using themRef: Brilliant Futures, 200959

• Perceived lack of safety is the key barrier preventing

greater use of open and green spaces in the city with

antisocial behaviour amongst gangs of teenagers often

• Other barriers include:

– uncontrolled dogs

– dog fouling

– misuse by others (predominantly drug taking)

– poor lighting

– not enough things to do

Ref: Brilliant Futures, 200960

• Considerable amount of participants responded with a

need for more:

– play areas for 8-12 year olds

– more grass pitches on school sites

– slightly more green spaces in housing areas

– community gardens and allotments

Ref: Brilliant Futures, 200961

Funding issues

• The Audit Commission reports that Government funding to

local authorities reduced by an average of almost 20% in real

terms between 2010–11 and 2013–14

• Some of the poorest councils in the most deprived areas of

England have experienced cumulative cuts that will average

25% by 2016.

• 86% of park managers report that revenue budgets for day-to-

day maintenance have been cut

• 77% of council parks departments have lost frontline staff

• 45% of local authorities are considering disposing of some

green spaces 62

Basic questions that need answers

• The amount & location of urban green space

• What state are our urban green spaces in?

• How much urban green space is publicly accessible?

• How much money is spent on urban green spaces?

Attempts at answers

Contact details

David Moorman

Parks Manager

Portsmouth City Council

david.moorman@portsmouthcc.gov.uk

023 9268 8461

Andrea Wright

Public Health Development Manager

Portsmouth City Council

andrea.wright@portmsouthcc.gov.uk

023 9284 1563

Andrew Ross, Final Draft Consultancy

How can we plan for healthier places?

Portsmouth, 1 December 2014

1. About the TCPA and Reuniting Health with Planning

2. How can we plan healthier places?

3. Messages from the frontline

Overview

Areas of focus

• Independent planning charity established 1899

• Work Programme includes projects and campaigns on Garden Cities, Climate Change, Social Justice, and Planning Reform

1 Town & Country Planning Association (TCPA)

Reuniting Health with Planning

Reuniting Health with Planning (2)

Sefton

Lincolnshire & districts

Stockport

Sandwell

Suffolk & districts

Hertfordshire & districts

Newham

Gateshead

Medway Bristol

Knowsley

Belfast

Manchester

2. How can we plan healthier places?

A focus on the ‘how’: what local authorities can do

1. Work collaboratively2. Make evidence useful3. Align policy 4. Engage elected members5. Be a model developer

Work collaboratively

• Embed health specialists in planning, transport, regeneration, housing

• Bristol, Coventry, Knowsley, Lincolnshire, Luton, Newham, Stockport ++

Make evidence useful

• Expand understanding of evidence to include case studies, case law and community engagement

Align policy

• Portsmouth Core Strategy has policy on creating a healthy city

• Portsmouth Joint Health and Wellbeing Strategy has priority to create a healthy environment

Engage elected members

• Councillors often acutely aware of local health problems

• Find areas of overlapping concern

• Birmingham – anti-social aspects of hot food takeaways used as hook for including obesity concerns

Source: Heads Together Productions/Methleys Neighbourhood Action

Be a model developer

• £14.4 million extra care housing scheme developed by First Ark

• land supplied at below market rate by Knowsley Council

• demonstrates long-term health savings of upfront investment

3. Lessons from the frontline (1)

1. Public health practitioners can be allies for planners, but they need to be proactive and understand the planning system

1. Public health practitioners can be allies for planners, but they need to be proactive and understand planning system

2. Integrating public health raises policy challenges for planning , and vice versa

Healthy food and drink?

Reduce car space for active travel?

Saunders & Sumner

2014’

Active spaces that neighbours accept?

Secure by Design versus direct networks?

JHWS, obesity and the built environment

2. Integrating public health raises policy challenges for planning

3. Planners’ role to help tackle health inequalities is generally poorly understood

Darlington Open Spaces Strategy

• People living in deprived parts of the town less likely to be close to high quality spaces

• Strategy prioritises improving the quality of open spaces close to areas of multiple deprivation

• Prepared by planners

2. Integrating public health raises policy challenges for planning

3. Planners’ role to help tackle health inequalities is generally poorly understood – need public health input

4. Viability/deregulation is ongoing challenge for planners

• The absence of both light and a view ‘would not be unacceptably oppressive.’

Planning Inspectorate appeal decision

Viability: your place needs you

TCPA planning and health pages

www.tcpa.org.uk/pages/health.html

Andrew Ross

andrew.alex.ross@gmail.com

Keep in touch

@CulturePlanning on health & planning work.

Building performance and

occupant behaviour

Prof Mark Gaterell

Content

• Performance gap in buildings

• Reasons for the performance gap

• Implications of the gap

• Impact of future uncertainties

Performance gap - domestic

Zero Carbon Hub, 2010

CarbonBuzz median CO2 emissions per sector - predicted vs. actual

Education Offices Retail

Predicted

Actual

Performance gap non-domestic

Reasons for the performance gap

• Design assumptions

• Modelling tools

• Built quality

• Occupant behaviour

Unregulated Energy Use includes: plugload, server rooms, security, external lighting, lifts etc.

Special Functions include: trading floors, cafeteria etc.

Extra occupancy

& operating hours

Actual – Real energy use

Special

functions

Design forecast

Forecast Regulated CO2

Part LUnregulated CO2

Inefficiencies

From BMS

Regulated Energy Use includes: fixed building services, heating, hot water, cooling, ventilation, lighting

Reference: Aedas Architects 2010

(BRE, 2000)

(NHBC, 2013)

Construction quality

• Examples of failures in typical design, installation and commissioning practice

are all too common – badly performing systems may not deliver the anticipated

carbon savings;

• Good control is essential to the correct operation of systems, good practice in

the design and provision of controls is uncommon.

• Realising good performance throughout the life of systems also requires that

maintenance is undertaken in accordance with manufacturers’ requirements.

Many systems installed in locations, such as roof spaces, where access for user-

maintenance is restricted.

• Anecdotal reports that a market for replacement filters does not exist at present,

which suggests that even basic maintenance is not being undertaken, possibly

because users are not aware of the requirement for it.

(NHBC, 2012)

(NHBC, 2010)

(Hong et al., 2009)

UCL study moving 95 homes to

Warm Front standards:

Modelling suggested that after

intervention space heating fuel

consumption would drop by

approximately 25%

Occupant Behaviour

(Hong et al., 2009)

UCL study moving 95 homes to

Warm Front standards:

Modelling suggested that after

consumption would drop by

approximately 25%

Monitoring suggested that after

consumption actually rose by

approximately 9%

Occupant Behaviour

(Guerra Santin, 2013)

Impact of gap

• Risks to long-term viability of built assets (social and economic

implications)

• Increasing reliance on low carbon technologies could change the nature of

urban planning

• Direct health effects associated with performance gap

• Carbon targets not met

Abu Aisheh Y.I., Yates T. and Gaterell M.R., Sustainable refurbishment for post-war educational buildings

under a changing climate, Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Eng. Sustain., 163(1), 23 –30 (2010).

Impacts of future uncertainty - Climate Change

This graph shows how the number of deaths spiked in Paris during a sweltering heat wave in 2003. Credit: University of Hawaii at Manoa/Benedicte Dousset

Impacts of future uncertainty - Climate Change

Impacts of future uncertainty – combating overheating

Impacts of future uncertainty – Adaptive Comfort

Scenario based approach

Systematically evaluate relative

vulnerability of different sustainability

solutions

Provide a transparent methodology to

identify opportunities to future-proof

interventions at a range of scales

Enable new scenarios or disciplines to

be included in the analysis

Impacts of future uncertainty

• Future uncertainties pose significant risks to building performance and

health

• Occupant responses to comfort conditions likely to have implications at an

urban scale

• Understanding subjective nature of such responses key to delivering an

effective built environment

Portsmouth urban planning and health seminar, 1 December 2014

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