Introduction to dental materials Lecture 1-2

DR. MD. ARIFUR RAHMANBDS (D.U), MPH

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR & DENTAL UNIT HEAD NORTH EAST MEDICAL COLLEGE DENTAL UNIT

SYLHET, BANGLADESH

INTRODUCTION TO DENTAL MATERIALS

1drarifur_rahman@yahoo.com

Science Of Dental Materials

Is defined as,“The Study of composition and properties of dental materials and the manner in which they interact with the environment they are placed”.

Science Of Dental Materials

Science of dental materials is a basic science which deals with physical,

mechanical and biological properties of dental materials. The study of Science of

dental materials gives the operator a basic knowledge about the materials. This help to choose a material and allow him/her to

effectively manipulate it.

The Science of Dental Materials:

“Why are we studying this field?”1. for the knowledge to make optimal selection of

materials2. To understand the behavior of the materials, use,

handling, manipulation3. Safety considerations of the materials4. Patient education regarding dental restoratives5. Recognition of materials – proper care of

prostho/restorations 6. Understand the professional literature

History of Dental Materials:Dating as early as 500 B.C. - present

Metals – goldPlaster and wax modelsProsthetics of bone, ivory, wax, metalsPorcelains – late 1700’sAmalgam – early 1800’sAcrylics – 1940’sAdhesive dentistry – 1970’s - present

Ancient Egyptian Bridge

Gold wire used to hold pontic crowns.

Oral Environment Very demanding. There can be

1. Temperature variations.2. pH Variations.3. Variations in Masticatory forces.

Temperature Variations

Normal temperature of oral cavity (32℃ to 37℃).

On intake of a cold/hot food or drink temperature range increases (0℃ to 70℃).

pH Variations

pH of saliva is neutral (7.0)On intake of acidic fruit juices or

alkaline medicaments, pH may vary from 2.0 to 11.0 .

Variations in Masticatory Forces Muscles of

Mastication apply forces to the dentition.

Masticatory forces vary from tooth to tooth.

Average force applied by the tooth increases from anterior to posteriors.

Tooth Average force (N)

Second molar

First molar 390

Bicuspids 288

Cuspids 208

Incisors 15510drarifur_rahman@yahoo.com

Characteristics of Ideal Materials: It should be

Biocompatible – Non-toxic, non-irritating, non-allergenic

Mechanically stable & durable –Strong, resistant to fracture

Resistant to Corrosion –Does not deteriorate over time

Dimensionally Stable –Little change by temperature & solvents

Characteristics of Ideal Materials (cont.):

Minimal conduction –Insulates against thermal/electrical change

Esthetic –Looks like oral tissue

Easy to manipulate –Minimal/reasonable effort & time needed

Adheres to tissues –Retains onto, and seals, tooth structure

Characteristics of Ideal Materials:

Tasteless and Odorless –Not unpleasant to patient

Cleanable/Repairable –Easily maintained or fixed

Cost-effective –Affordability vs. benefits/disadvantages

Classification of Dental materials

All dental materials fall under 4 main groups:1. Polymers.2. Metals.3. Ceramics.4. Composites.

POLYMERSChemical compound consisting of large

organic molecules formed by the union of many smaller monomer units is called a “POLYMER”

Chemical reaction in which low molecular weight monomers are converted into high molecular weight polymer chains “POLYMERIZATION”

METALS

“An opaque lustrous chemical substance that is a good conductor of heat and electricity, and when polished is a good reflector of light”.

The Metals Handbook (1992)

CERAMICS“An inorganic compound with non

metallic properties, typically composed of metallic (or semi-metallic) and non metallic elements.”

COMPOSITESComposite materials (also called

composition materials or shortened to composites) are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties, that when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components.

CLASSIFICATION OF

DENTAL MATERIALS

CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL MATERIALS

Dental materials can be classified as:1. Preventive dental materials.2. Restorative dental materials.

a) Direct restorative dental materials.b) Indirect restorative dental materials.

3. Auxiliary dental materials.

1. PREVENTIVE DENTAL MATERIALS

Basic aim is to provide resistance to the progression of an active carious lesion.

Carious lesion cause the demineralization of the dental enamel.

These include:a) Chemotherapeutic agents like Dentifrices, Mouthwashes and cavity varnishes.b) Pit and fissure sealants.c) Floride releasing cements.

1. PREVENTIVE DENTAL MATERIALS (Cont.)

Preventive dental materials can also serve as Restorative materials.

Can be either,1) Short time periods.2) Moderately long time period.3) Longest time periods.

2. RESTORATIVE DENTAL MATERIALS (Cont.)

Help to repair or replace defected tooth structure.These include:1. Amalgam.2. Bonding agents.3. Resin based composites.4. Compomers.5. Ceramics.6. Liners.7. Cement bases.8. Dental polymers.

Types of Restorative dental materials

a) Direct restorative materials: Used intraorally. fabricate restorations / prosthetic devices

directly on the teeth or tissues.a) Indirect restorative materials: Used extra orally. Formed indirectly over a cast or models.

3. AUXILIARY DENTAL MATERIALS

Materials used in the process of fabricating dental prosthesis. These include:

1. Impression materials.2. Dental waxes.3. Gypsum casts and model materials.4. Finishing and polishing abrasives.5. Acrylic resins for impressions.6. Acid etching solutions.

4. TEMPORARY RESTORATIVE DENTAL MATERIALS

Sub category of restorative materials. Intended to be used to restore the tooth temporarily. These include:

1. Orthodontic wires. 2. Cements used as temporary liners.3. Cements used as temporary filling materials.4. Acrylic resins used for inlays, inlays, crowns

and fixed partial dentures.

SELECTION OF

DENTAL MATERIALS

SELECTION OF DENTAL MATERIALS

1. Analysis of the problem.2. Consideration of the

requirements.3. Consideration of the available

materials and their properties.4. Choice of a suitable material.

1. Analysis of the problem

Basic and very important step.Incorrect analysis may lead to wrong

treatment plan.Poor prognosis and failure of

treatment.e.g. Selection of a filling material.

2. Consideration of the requirements

Enlist the requirements that a material must meet.

Requirements of a material are dependent upon the situation.

3. Consideration of the available materials and their properties

Clear concept about the properties. In case of immediate problem,

Must choose from the materials in hand.Dentist must be up to date with the

advancements.Thorough comparison of Properties of the

available materials with requirements.

4. Choice of a suitable material

Final step. Narrowing the range of choice.

Factors:1. Availability.2. Ease of handling.3. Cost effectiveness.

Identification of Restorations:“Dental Restoration” –

Restores function & appearance of oral structure lost by pathology, injury, or is congenitally missing

Examples:Pathology – caries: fillingInjury – broken tooth: crownCongenitally Missing: prosthetic (i.e. bridge)

Identification of Restorations:

Direct Restoration –A restoration that is created and placed

directly into the prep site of the tooth(i.e. amalgam filling, composite filling)

Indirect Restoration – A restoration that is created outside of the

mouth on a model of the prepped tooth and later fixed into the mouth

(i.e. gold crown, denture)

Direct Fillings:

Usually made of amalgam (“silver” metal) or composite (acrylic) materials

For caries of various degrees; anterior or posterior teeth

Posterior amalgam fillings

Direct Fillings:

Posterior Composite Filling

Anterior Composite Filling

Crown: Indirect restoration

to replace missing crown of tooth, or protect remaining crown of tooth

Caries, fractures, teeth with RCT, esthetics

Made of porcelain, metals, or both

Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal (PFM) Crown

Bridge:

An indirect restoration; to replace one or more missing teeth

“fixed” – not removable; cemented to existing teeth

Made of porcelain, metals, or bothAbutment – the existing tooth/teeth

supporting the bridgePontic – the replacement tooth

Bridge:

Missing tooth – area to be restored

Abutments

Pontic

Bridge:

Anterior bridge on model

Anterior bridge before cementation

How many abutment teeth

does the patient have?

Bridge:

Before treatment

After bridge cementation

Indirect Restorations:

Inlay –A fabricated restoration made of metal or

porcelain that replaces missing tooth structure; does NOT include the restoration of any cusps

Onlay – A fabricated restoration (as above) that

DOES include the restoration of at least one cusp

Inlays vs. Onlays:

Porcelain Inlays

Gold Onlay43drarifur_rahman@yahoo.com

Veneers:

All-porcelain or acrylic facing for tooth

Primarily used for esthetic reasons

Can alter shape & color of existing tooth

Denture:

The removable dental prosthetic used to replace all of the teeth in an arch; patient is edentulous.Made of acrylic (teeth may be porcelain)

“Partial Denture” – replaces some teeth in the arch; patient is partially edentulous.Made of acrylic usually with metal

substructure and clasps45drarifur_rahman@yahoo.com

Denture:

Full Upper and Lower Denture

Denture:

Removable Partial Denture

metal clasp for retention

Endodontic Restorations:

“Endodontic” – “inside” the tooth; root canal treatment (RCT)Gutta percha – used to fill the canalPost and Core –

The post is a metal piece that is screwed into and cemented into the root canal

The core is built-up around the post to create more available tooth structure

Gutta Percha

(Silver Points used to be used in the canal as a filler.)

(The core is built upon this post.)

amalgam

postsGutta percha

Build-up unrestored pulp

Pediatric Restorations:

Stainless Steel Crown (SSC):

Prefabricated Cemented

Pediatric Restorations:

Space Maintainer: Holds space where

primary tooth was prematurely lost

Stainless steel band/crown with loop

Fabricated outside of the mouth; cemented

QUESTIONS???53drarifur_rahman@yahoo.com

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