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PULSELESS ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY& ASYSTOLE
Mansoor Masjedi ; MD , FCCMAssistant professor of anesthesia & critical care
Sums , Nov. 2014
DEFINITION :
• PEA :• Unresponsiveness • Lack of palpable pulse • Presence of organized cardiac electrical activity
• Previously ,referred to as electromechanical dissociation (EMD) • EMD may imply that there is little viable or functional
myocardium
• Also known as ; Non-Perfusing Rhythm
• Pseudo-PEA :– Weak ventricular contractions / recordable aortic pressure
• True PEA : – Absent contractions + coordinated electrical activity
• Organized cardiac rhythms:– supraventricular rhythms (sinus versus non-sinus) or – ventricular rhythms (accelerated idioventricular or escape)
MECHANISM:
• Presence of cardiac electrical rhythm without a proper response of the myocardial tissue
and mechanical cardiac output
PATHO-PHYSIOLOGY:
• cardiovascular, respiratory or metabolic
• sudden changes in preload, afterload, or contractility often result in PEA.
• Exacerbated by worsening acidosis, hypoxia, and increasing vagal tone.
DECREASED PRELOAD:
• Cardiac sarcomeres require an optimal length (ie, preload) for an efficient contraction
• If unattainable , the left ventricle is unable to generate sufficient pressure to overcome its afterload
eg. Hypovolemia ( dehydration, blood loss etc) massive pulmonary embolus
pericardial tamponade Tension pneumothorax
DECREASED AFTERLOAD :
• Sudden ↓ afterload → ↓myocardial perfusion (before autoregulatory mechanism becomes active) & decreases contractility.
Eg . Hypovolumia vasodilator therapy
Shock etc.
Though very ↑↑↑ afterload can↓contractility but its rare cause of PEA.
DECREASED CONTRACTILITY:
• Optimal myocardial contractility depends on:1. PRELOAD (starling law)2. AFTER LOAD3. VIABLE MYOCARDIUM4. AVAILABILITY OF INOTROPIC SUBSTANCES eg. Adr., N Adr., Ca2+
• Any derangement from NL ( mainly sudden / severe) can cause PEA.
CAUSES :
6 H’sHypovolemiaHypoxiaHydrogen ion (acidosis)Hypo-/HyperkalemiaHypoglycemiaHypothermia
5 T’sToxins (TCA, DIGITALIS,
CCB, B-BLOCKER )TamponadeThrombosis (coronary or
pulmonary)Tension PTxTrauma
Hypoxia 2ndary to respiratory failure is probably the most common cause of PEA
Resp. insufficiency ; 40-50% of PEA
The "3 and 3 rule’’easy recall of the most common correctable causes:
1. SEVERE HYPOVOLUMIA 2. PUMP FAILURE :
I. MASSIVE M.I. II. POST A.M.I. MYOCARDIAL RUPTUREIII. SEVERE HEART FAILURE
3. OBSTRUCTION TO CIRCULATION:I. TENSION PNEUMOTHORAXII. CARDIAC TAMPONADEIII. MASSIVE PULMONARY EMBOLISM
SPECIAL ONE :
• POST DEFIBRILATION PEA : Presence of organized electrical activity, immediately after electrical
cardioversion in the absence of palpable pulse
Better prognosis than continued VF
Spontaneous return of pulse is likely
CPR should be continued for 2 min to allow spontaneous recovery
PEA - MORTALITY / MORBIDITY
• Only 11.2% of PEA survived to hospital discharge
• rapid initiation of ACLS and identification of reversible cause, improve outcome
EVALUATION OF PATIENTPEA / ASYSTOLE
PEA - HISTORY
• prior medical conditions allows prompt identification and correction of reversible causes– eg. Hx of : 1. Severe dysp. → Pul.Embli 2. MI 2 – 5 days back→ cardiac rupture / re infarction 3. Trauma → hypovol. , ten. Pneumo. or pericardial tamp
• Drug hx. ( b-blocker, CCB ) is also very important
PEA – Phys. Exam.
• No peripheral pulses
• Clues to aetiology : tracheal shift to opposite side & absent breath sound indicates
----------- Tension PTX
No respiratory finding with engorged JVP ------- pul. Embolism
Pulsus paradox. -------- pericardial tamp
Important clues :CONDITIONS CLUES
1. HYPOVOLEMIA H/O Blood loss, Flat neck veins
2. HYPOXIA Cyanosis, Airway Problem
3.CARDIAC TAMPONADE H/O Trauma, Renal failure, Thoracic Malignancy, Distended Neck Veins, Pulsus Paradoxus
4.TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX H/O ventilator used, trauma, COPD, tracheal deviation , absent breath sound
5. HYPOTHERMIA Low CORE Body Temperature
6. MASSIVE PUL. EMBOLUS NO RESP. FINDING in presence of sev dyspnoea & tachypnoea, distended JVP
7. DRUG OVERDOSE H/O drug intake, Bradycardia etc.
8.SEVERE ACIDOSIS H/O Renal Failure, DM; ACIDOTIC breathing.
9. HYPERKALEMIA H/O CKD, Dialysis, tall T wave/ absent P wave/ wide QRS complex in ECG
10. Acute MI Relevant History, ECG changes, cardiac enzymes.
PEA - INVESTIGATIONS
• Emergent nature of the problem • Labs; not likely to be helpful in the immediate management of
the pt.
• If available rapidly ; ABG, electrolytes & glucose ( to determine pH, oxygenation, serum potassium and glucose.
PEA - INVESTIGATIONS - Contd……..
• Imaging : Bedside Echo. / Sono.
• Other Tests : 12 lead ECG( difficult to obtain during ongoing resuscitation)
– ↑K– AMI– HYPOTHERMIA (Osborne wave)– Drug overdose (TCA : QT prongation)– Pul embolism : Rt. Axis daviation
Procedures : arterial line in pts with a very low BP
TREATMENTPEA / ASYSTOLE
PEA - MEDICAL MANAGEMENTAHA-ACLS guidelines
Initiate CPRPlace an IV lineIntubate the ptOxygen 100%
PEA - MEDICAL MANAGEMENT – Cont….
Then reversible causes should be sought and corrected :
Hypovolemia -Volume infusion Hypoxia - Ventilation Cardiac Tamponade - Pericardiocentesis Tension Pneumothorax - Needle decompression Hypothermia - Hypothermia correction Massive pulmonary embolism - surgery, thrombolytics Drug overdose - Appropriate therapies Hyperkalemia - Sodium bicarbonate Massive AMI – AMI rx
Resuscitative pharmacology DRUGS INDICATION DOSES AD/DISVANTAGE
1. EPINEPHRINE •PEA arrest•B-blocker/ CCB overdose
1 mg IV q3-5min No improvement in outcome in most. In CCB/B-blocker overdose its very effective
2.VASOPRESSIN may replace either the first or second dose of epinephrine
40 U IV ------------
3. ATROPINE bradycardia (ie, heart rate <60 bpm) associated with hypotension.
0.5-1 mg IV q 3-5 min Total vagolytic dose is 3 mg
total vagolytic dose, SO HIGHER DOSE IS INEFFECTIVE.
4. Na- bicarb. Acidosis hyperkalemia
1 mEq/kg IV depending on ABG Additional 0.5 mEq/kg may be given every 10 min
-----------------
• Defibrillator are not used as the problem lies in the response of the
myocardial tissue to electrical impulses
PEA - Surgical Care
lifesaving procedures in appropriate pts Pericardiocentesis Chest tube thoracostomy Emergent cardiac sx.
PREVENTION AFTER STABILIZATION :
• Prolonged bed rest → DVT prophylaxis
• Pts under ventilators → ?auto-PEEP
• Hypovol.→ treat aggressively, esp. in active bleeding.
ASYSTOLE
Asystole
• Asystole – end-stage rhythm that follows prolonged VF
or PEA, and for this reason the – prognosis is generally much worse
PEA / ASYSTOLE - Summary
PEA / ASYSTOLE - Summary
• The heart muscle looses its ability to contract even though electrical activity is preserved
• Also EMD & Non-Perfusing Rhythm
PEA / ASYSTOLE - Summary
• ECG shows organised electrical activity• Unable to palpate a pulse• Unable to measure blood pressure• Signs of progressive/irreversible stage of shock
PEA / ASYSTOLE AlgorithmIncludes
EMD Postdefibrillation idioventricular rhythm Pseudo - EMD Bradyasystolic rhythms Idioventricular rhythms Ventricular escape rhythms
• Continue CPR / Intubate at once / Obtain IV Access• Assess blood flow using Doppler ultrasound, endtidal CO2,ECG echocardiography, or arterial line
Consider possible causesHypovolemia (volume infusion) Drug overdoses - tricyclics, digitalisHypoxia (ventilation) Beta-blockers, calcium channel blockersCardiac tamponade (pericardiocentesis) HyperkalemiaTension Pneumothorax AcidosisHypothermia ( see hypothermia algorithm) Massive acute myocardial infarctionMassive pulmonary embolism (surgery, lysine) Massive acute MI (go to Fig 9)
Epinephrine 1 mg IV push,a,c repeat q 3 - 5 min• If absolute bradycardia (< 60 BPM) or relative bradycardia• give atropine 1 mg IV• Repeat q 3 -5 min to a total of 0.03 - 0.04 mg/kg
* The Future???
THANK YOU …….
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