Turley ch09 lecture_nocrs

Medical LanguageMedical LanguageImmerse YourselfImmerse Yourself

CHAPTER

THIRD EDITION

Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley

Orthopedics

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

1. Identify the structures of the muscular system.

2. Describe how muscles contract and produce movement.

3. Describe common muscular diseases, laboratory and diagnostic procedures, medical and surgical procedures, and drug categories.

4. Give the medical meaning of word parts and abbreviations related to the muscular system.

5. Build muscular words from word parts and divide and define muscular words.

6. Spell and pronounce muscular words.7. Analyze the medical content and

meaning of an orthopedic report.

8. Dive deeper into orthopedics (muscular) by reviewing the activities at the end of this chapter and online at www.MyMedicalTerminologyLab.com.

Multimedia DirectoryMultimedia Directory

Muscles AnimationSlide 35Elbow Flexion Movement AnimationSlide 36Arm and Hand Pronation Movement AnimationSlide 37 Ankle Dorsiflexion Movement AnimationSlide 38 Humerus Adduction Movement AnimationSlide 39 Humerus Rotation Movement AnimationSlide 40 Wrist Flexion Movement AnimationSlide 65 Muscular Atrophy VideoSlide 68 Muscular Dystrophy VideoSlide 84 Massage Therapist VideoSlide 85 Massage Therapy Changes Video

Multimedia DirectoryMultimedia Directory

Massage Therapy and Ethical Situations VideoSlide 87 Chiropractor Video

OrthopedicsOrthopedics

• The medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the muscular and skeletal systems and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat muscular and skeletal diseases.

Figure 9-1 Muscular system.

Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology

• The muscular system moves the bony framework of the body.

• There are approximately 700 skeletal muscles in the body, as well as tendons and other structures of the muscular system.

• Some skeletal muscles are readily visible on the surface of the body, while others are located more deeply.

Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology

• All of the muscles of the body (or the muscles in a particular part of the body) are referred to as the musculature.

• The muscular system is also known as the musculoskeletal system because, without the muscles, the bones would not be able to move, and without the bones, the muscles would lack support.

Anatomy of the Muscular SystemAnatomy of the Muscular System

• Types of Muscles: Skeletal muscles Provide the means by which the body

can move Are voluntary muscles that contract and

relax in response to conscious thought Are striated, have multiple nuclei, and

show bands of color when seen under the microscope

• Types of Muscles: Skeletal muscles Of the three types of muscles, only

skeletal muscle belongs to the muscular system.

• Types of Muscles: Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscle of the heart pumps

blood through the circulatory system. An involuntary muscle that is not under

conscious control

• Types of Muscles: Smooth Muscles Involuntary, nonstriated muscles Form a continuous, thin layer around

many organs and structures (blood vessels, intestines, etc.)

Figure 9-2 Types of muscle.

Muscle Origins, Insertions,Muscle Origins, Insertions,and Related Structuresand Related Structures

• A muscle is attached to a bone by a tendon, a cordlike, nonelastic, white fibrous band of connective tissue.

• The origin or beginning of a muscle is where its tendon is attached to a stationary or nearly stationary bone.

• The insertion or ending of a muscle is where its tendon is attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts and relaxes.

• The belly of a muscle is where its mass is the greatest, usually midway between the origin and insertion.

• A bursa, a thin sac of synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid, acts as a cushion to reduce friction where a tendon rubs against the bone.

• Each muscle is wrapped in fascia, a thin connective tissue that joins to the tendon.

• Aponeurosis is connective tissue that attaches a flat muscle to bone or to other, deeper muscles.

• Retinaculum is a band of fibrous tissue and fascia that holds down the extensor and flexor tendons that cross the wrist and ankle

Figure 9-3 Tendon.

Figure 9-4 Origin and insertion of a muscle.

Muscle NamesMuscle Names

• Muscle names are in Latin.• They describe where the muscle is

located, its shape, its size, or what action it performs.

Table 9-1 Muscle Names and Their Meanings

Table 9-1 (continued) Muscle Names and Their Meanings

Muscles AnimationMuscles Animation

Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the topic of muscles.

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Types of Muscle MovementTypes of Muscle Movement

• Muscles function in antagonistic pairs to produce movement.

• These are opposite movements controlled by muscle pairs: Flexion and extension Abduction and adduction Rotation to the right and to the left Supination and pronation Eversion and inversion

Table 9-2 Types of Muscle Movement

Table 9-2 (continued) Types of Muscle Movement

Figure 9-5 Extension, abduction, and dorsiflexion.Rubberball/Getty Images

Figure 9-6 Extension, adduction, pronation, abduction, flexion, and plantar flexion.Mark Anderson/Getty Images

Figure 9-7 Rotation.

Figure 9-8 Extension, supination, abduction, flexion, and inversion.Anthony Saint James/Getty Images

Elbow Flexion Movement Elbow Flexion Movement AnimationAnimation

Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the movement of the elbow.

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Arm and Hand Pronation Arm and Hand Pronation AnimationAnimation

Click on the screenshot to view an animation on arm and hand pronation.

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Ankle Dorsiflexion Movement Ankle Dorsiflexion Movement AnimationAnimation

Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the movement of the ankle.

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Humerus Adduction Humerus Adduction Movement AnimationMovement Animation

Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the movement of the humerus.

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Humerus Rotation Movement Humerus Rotation Movement AnimationAnimation

Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the rotation of the humerus.

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Wrist Flexion Movement AnimationWrist Flexion Movement Animation

Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the movement of the wrist.

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Muscles of the Head and NeckMuscles of the Head and Neck

• Frontalis• Temporalis• Orbicularis oculi• Orbicularis oris• Masseter• Buccinator• Sternocleidomastoid• Platysma

Figure 9-9 Muscles of the head and neck.

Muscles of the Shoulders,Muscles of the Shoulders,Chest, and BackChest, and Back

• Deltoid• Pectoralis major• Intercostal muscles• Trapezius• Latissimus dorsi

Figure 9-10 Muscles of the shoulder and chest.

Figure 9-11 Muscles of the shoulder and back.

Muscles of the Upper ExtremityMuscles of the Upper Extremity

• Biceps brachii• Triceps brachii• Brachioradialis• Thenar muscles

Figure 9-12 Muscles of the upper extremity.McMinn and Hutchings. McMinn’s Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, 2/e. Elsevier, 2002.

Figure 9-13 Muscles of the forearm and the retinaculum.

Muscles of the AbdomenMuscles of the Abdomen

• External abdominal oblique• Internal abdominal oblique• Rectus abdominis

Figure 9-14 Muscles of the abdomen.

Muscles of the Lower ExtremityMuscles of the Lower Extremity

• Anterior Leg Rectus femoris Sartorius Vastus lateralis and vastus medialis Peroneus longus Tibialis anterior

• Quadriceps femoris is a collective name for the group of four muscles on the anterior aspect of the thigh: Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius (beneath the

vastus lateralis) Vastus medialis

• Posterior Leg Gluteus maximus Biceps femoris Semitendinosus and semimembranosus Gastrocnemius

Figure 9-15 Muscles of the lower extremity.

• Hamstrings is a collective name for the group of three muscles on the posterior aspect of the thigh: Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

Figure 9-16 Growth and development milestones.

Physiology of a Muscle ContractionPhysiology of a Muscle Contraction

• A muscle is composed of several muscle fascicles, each of which is wrapped in fascia.

• Each muscle fascicle is a bundle of individual muscle fibers.

• These run parallel to each other so that, when they contract, they all pull in the same direction.

• A muscle fiber (which is actually one long muscle cell) has hundreds of nuclei along its length to speed up the chemical processes that occur as it contracts.

• Each muscle fiber is composed of myofibrils that contain the proteins actin and myosin.

• A muscle contracts in response to an electrical impulse from a nerve.

• Each muscle fiber is connected to a single nerve cell at the neuromuscular junction.

• Acetylcholine is a chemical messenger that changes the permeability of the muscle fiber, which shortens the muscle and produces a muscle contraction.

• Muscles are in a state of mild, partial contraction because of nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord.

Figure 9-17 Parts of a muscle.

Figure 9-18 Muscle strength and size.

DiseasesDiseases

• Diseases of the Muscles Atrophy Avulsion Compartment syndrome Contracture Fibromyalgia

Figure 9-19 Muscle contracture.

Muscle Atrophy VideoMuscle Atrophy Video

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of muscular atrophy.

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DiseasesDiseases

• Diseases of the Muscles Hyperextension-hyperflexion injury Muscle contusion Muscle spasm Muscle strain Muscular dystrophy

contus/o-

= brusing

= action; condition

Figure 9-20 Muscular dystrophy.

Muscular Dystrophy VideoMuscular Dystrophy Video

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of muscular dystrophy.

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DiseasesDiseases

• Diseases of the Muscles Myalgia Myasthenia gravis Myopathy Myositis Repetitive strain injury (RSI) Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Rotator cuff tear

DiseasesDiseases

• Movement Disorders Ataxia Bradykinesia Dyskinesia Hyperkinesis Restless legs syndrome (RLS) Tremor

DiseasesDiseases

• Diseases of the Bursa, Fascia, or Tendon Bursitis Dupuytren’s contracture Fasciitis Ganglion Pitcher’s elbow

DiseasesDiseases

• Diseases of the Bursa, Fascia, or Tendon Shin splints Tendinitis Tennis elbow Tenosynovitis

synov/o-

ten/o- = tendon

= synovium (membrane)

= inflammation of; infection of

Figure 9-21 Ganglion.Dr. P. Marazzi/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Laboratory and Diagnostic Laboratory and Diagnostic ProceduresProcedures

• Blood Tests Acetylcholine receptor antibody Creatine phosphokinase (CPK-MM)

• Muscle Tests Edrophonium test Electromyography (EMG)

Medical and Surgical ProceduresMedical and Surgical Procedures

• Medical Procedures Braces and adaptive devices Deep tendon reflexes (DTR) Muscle strength test Rehabilitation exercises Trigger point injections

Figure 9-22 Braces.K. Glaser & Associates/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.

Figure 9-23 Deep tendon reflex.PhotoAlto/Ale Ventura/Getty Images

Figure 9-24 Active exercise.Alvis Upitis/Getty Images

Medical and Surgical Medical and Surgical ProceduresProcedures

• Surgical Procedures Fasciectomy Fasciotomy Ganglionectomy Muscle biopsy Myorrhaphy Tenorrhaphy Thymectomy

-rrhaphy

= muscle

= procedure of suturing

Drug CategoriesDrug Categories

• These categories of drugs are used to treat muscular diseases and conditions: Analgesic drugs Beta-blocker drugs Corticosteroid drugs Dopamine stimulant drugs Drugs for fibromyalgia Drugs for myasthenia gravis

Drug CategoriesDrug Categories

• These categories of drugs are used to treat muscular diseases and conditions: Muscle relaxant drugs Neuromuscular blocker drugs Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

(NSAIDs)

Figure 9-25 Intramuscular injection.

AbbreviationsAbbreviations

ADA Americans with Disabilities ActADLs activities of daily livingCOTA certified occupational therapy assistantCPK-MM creatine phosphokinase-MMCTD cumulative trauma disorderD.C. Doctor of Chiropracty or Chiropractic

MedicineDTRs deep tendon reflexesEMG electromyographyIM intramuscularLLE left lower extremityLUE left upper extremityMD muscular dystrophyNSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

OOB out of bedortho orthopedics (slang)OSHA Occupational Safety and Health

AdministrationOT occupational therapy or occupational therapistPM&R physical medicine and rehabilitationPT physical therapy or physical therapistrehab rehabilitation (slang)RICE rest, ice, compression, and elevationRLE right lower extremityROM range of motionRUE right upper extremityRSI repetitive strain injury

Massage Therapist VideoMassage Therapist Video

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Massage Therapy Changes VideoMassage Therapy Changes Video

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Massage Therapy andMassage Therapy andEthical Situations VideoEthical Situations Video

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Chiropractor VideoChiropractor Video

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of chiropractors.

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Combining Forms Match UpCombining Forms Match Up

1. duct/o-2. extern/o-3. flex/o-4. my/o-5. vers/o-

a. bendingb. musclec. to turnd. outsidee. bring

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