View
20
Download
1
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Dr. Vir Singh NEGI JIPMER, Puducherry
JIPMER….Breaking barriers….. Finding Frontiers….. Jawaharlal Institute of Medical Education and Research
Immunogenetics of Rheumatoid Arthritis
in South India
25.11.2016
Dr. Dominique Charron
Director, Hematology (BMT) Hopital Saint Louis
& Dean, International Collaborations, University of
Paris-7, France
Dr. Helene Moins
IUH, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
Dr. Ryad TamouzaINSERM U1160,
Hopital Saint Louis Paris, France
Dr. Srini V. KaveriDirector , INSERM U 419, Paris,
France
Dr. Rajagopal Krishnamoorthy
Ex-Director of Research, Inserm U763, Hôpital Robert
Debré, Paris, France
Chronic, progressive, inflammatory autoimmune disease
0.5 -1% of the adult population affected (developed countries)
Female Predominance
Heterogeneous phenotype with articular, extra-articular and systemic manifestations
Differential response to treatment
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Shapira, Y. et al. (2010), Nat. Rev. Rheumatol.
Worldwide Prevalence
0.5% - 0.75%
Prevalence in India
Pathogenesis of RA
― Sibling & twin pair studies - estimated genetic contribution to RA
as 50% - 60%
― The prevalence of RA in general population <1% - among siblings
increases to 2–4%
― Strongest risk : HLA-DRB1 followed by PTPN22
― In Asians PADI4 instead of PTPN22
Genetic Contribution
— Prevalence similar to that reported from the developed countries but higher than China, Indonesia, Philippines and rural Africa
— HLA-DRB1*04 to be the major susceptibility allele for RA in north Indian population
— Study from Malaysia reported in a mixed ethnic population of Indian origin
— HLA DRB1*10 - associated with ACPA positive RA — HLA DRB1*13 - with ACPA negative disease
— Paucity of data on the role of HLA & non HLA genes conferring susceptibility to RA in south India population of Dravidian descent
RA in India
Genetic susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis, clinical phenotype, response to therapy and prognosis in South Indians may be different from other populations
Background
Genetic polymorphisms in HLA and non HLA genes
Influence cytokine gene expression and cellular activation
Influence disease phenotype and treatment response in RA
Hypothesis
To characterize the immuno-inflammatory genetic variants
and their influence on disease phenotype and response to
treatment in South Indian Tamil patients with Rheumatoid
arthritis
Aim
1. To characterize the polymorphism of • Classical HLA Class II genes DRB1 & DQB1• Non-classical HLA Class I genes HLA-G, HLA-E & MICA• Non-HLA genes TNF-α & NK cell receptors (NKG2D)
2. To determine the association of these gene variants with RA
susceptibility, disease phenotypes and response to treatment 3. To construct population specific haplotypes of HLA and non
HLA genes 4. To assess and characterize cytokine gene expression profile &
cytokine levels in patients with RA
Objectives
Collection of 10 ml of venous blood
Extraction of RNA Extraction of DNA Separation of Plasma
Cytokine/Transcript analysis by real time
relative quantitation assay
HLA/non-HLA genotyping by PCR/Real time PCR,
Sequencing & Next generation sequencing
Autoantibody, inflammatory marker
measurements by ELISA/Nephelometry
Measurement of sMICA, Cytokines by ELISA /
Multiplex Assay
Classification based on various clinical phenotypes. Correlation of phenotype/genotype
Establishment of population specific haplotype, clinical / genetic profile for South Indian Tamils
First visit to Clinical Immunology clinic
Informed consent - from the study subjects
Enrolled based on ACR criteria for RA
Separation of Serum
Sample Size a) Genotyping 271 cases 233 controls b) Gene expression 48 cases 48 controls
Methods
Classical HLA Class II
• HLA-DRB1• HLA-DQB1
Non-Classical HLA Class I
• MICA• HLA-E• HLA-G
Non-HLA
• TNF-α• NK cell receptor
Genes analyzed
Viatte, S. et al. (2013) Genetics and epigenetics of rheumatoid arthritisNat. Rev. Rheumatol.
Risk loci for RA
― Highest (37% ) risk from HLA class II alleles
― In Caucasian RA : DRB1*04:01 & DRB1*04:04
― Others : DRB1*01 or DRB1*10:01
― North & Western regions of India DRB1*04
― Malaysian South Indian Tamil migrants : DR*10:01
Plasma Cells
Autoantibody Synthesis (RF, ACPA)
Immune Complex formation
DC HLA
CD40
B7
CD40L
CD28
Self antigen presentation
TCR
B
T
HLA DRB1 & DQB1
Polymorphism in DRB1/DQB1Breakdown of tolerance Auto reactive T cell Susceptibility to RA
Physiological role Immune regulation at maternal – fetal interfaceHLA-G & HLA-E are co-expressedNaturally occurring tolerance inducing molecules
HLA-G
Polymorphism in HLA GModulates the expression of the geneLow sHLA G levels – incomplete immune suppression Initiates autoimmune process
HLA-G
HLA-E
— On surface, HLA-E interacts with CD94/NKG2 receptors : inhibitory signal protecting cells from NK mediated lysis
— Virally infected / tumor cells by reducing the supply of leader peptides – reduces HLA-E on surface
— This causes loss of the inhibitory signal rendering them vulnerable to NK cell mediated lysis
Physiological role HLA-E : expressed by T, B, NK cells & macrophagesModulates NK cell activity APC for αβT cells & Implicated in adaptive immunity
Polymorphism in HLA EModulates gene expression Affects immunosuppressive function
— HLA E has two known alleles HLA-E*01:01 and HLA-E*01:03
— They have variable binding affinity to NK cell receptors and act as ligands for both Innate and adaptive immune responses
— HLA Ers2844724 is a C>T single nucleotide substitution at the 3’ UTR, affects the serum/plasma levels of soluble HLA-E
HLA-E
CD4+
CD28-
T
NK CD8+ T
GI epitheliu
mEnothelial cells
Fibroblasts
MICA
Physiological roleInnate & Adaptive immunity
Immune surveillance
NKG2D
MICA
— Molecule of cellular stress, binds to NKG2D
— MICA alleles associated with susceptibility or resistance to autoimmunity
— MICA-129 val allele is weak binders of NKG2D while met allele is strong binder of NKG2D
NK CD8+ T
Synovial
Fibroblasts
MICA
Polymorphism in MICA & NKG2DAffect MICA-NKG2D binding affinity Modulate activation of NK, CD8+ & CD4+CD28- T cells
CD4+
CD28-
T
NKG2D
Plasma Cells
Autoantibody Synthesis (RF ( IgG & IgM)
Immune Complex formation
B
Complement receptor
Fc receptor
Macrophages
Recruitment of immune cells Secretion of proinflammatory cytokinesActivation of Synoviocytes and OsteoclastsDysregulation of MICA & NKG2D expression in synovium perpetuating chronic auto-inflammation Tissue & bone damage
MICA
NK cell receptor
Activated CD4+
NK CD8+ T
GI epitheliu
mEnothelial cells
Fibroblasts
MICA
NKG2D
• NKG2D (KLRK1) is a C-type lectin, activatory receptor encoded by chromosome 12
• Expressed on NK cells, CD8+ αβ+ T cells, NKT cells, γδ+ T cells, and on a small subset of CD4+ αβ+ T cells
• NKG2D binds to MICA, MICB & ULBP family
• Ligand binding of NKG2D delivers activatory signals to NK cells but co-stimulatory signals to activated CD4+ T cells
Activatory signal
Co-stimulatory signal
• IL-2, IL-15– NKG2D & DAP10 on CD8+ T Cells
• IL-15, TNF-α - NKG2D on CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells
• IL-15, IL-17 - NKG2D on activated CD8+ T cells with NKG2D co-stimulation
• IL-21, IL-12, TGF-β1, IFN-γ - NKG2D
— TNF-α: potent pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine produced mainly by macrophages
— Important role in inflammation & contributes to the regulation of normal immune homeostasis
— The dual but opposing biological function of TNF-α is pro-inflammatory in the initial infectious phase, which progressively transitions towards anti-inflammatory/immuno regulatory activity in the later phases
— Polymorphisms in the TNF-α gene can either behave as biomarkers or may have direct impact on its expression and function
TNF-α
TNF-α
— Available data on association of TNF-α promoter polymorphism with RA is controversial
— A number of SNPs in this region are reported to be associated with susceptibility to RA & its clinical phenotypes in different populations
— The reported relationship between TNF-α polymorphism & response to anti-TNF therapy is also inconsistent
— From India, the only study that addressed the potential influence of the TNF-α -308 G>A and -863 C>A polymorphisms observed that-308A allele conferred protection against RA -863A had weak association with early onset disease in females (Gambhir et al, 2010)
Gene expression & cytokine profiling
Type Cytokine /Transcript
Th1 T-betIFN-γIL-12p40
Th2 GATA3IL-4
Anti inflammatory IL-10TGF-β
Pro inflammatory IL-1bTNF-α
Th17 IL-6IL-17aIL-1b
Tregs Foxp3
Cytokine/Transcription factors analyzed
Cytokine gene polymorphism and mRNA expression Affect the threshold cytokine levels in synovium
The Cytokine Network
Laboratory Methods
Results
Part I : Patients Characteristics
Characteristic RA (n=271) HC (n=233)Female :Male (ratio) 247:24 (10:1) 201:32 (6:1)Age, Mean (SD) years 41.2 (10.9) 39.6 (13.6)Average Age at onset (years) 37.7 NilAverage Duration of disease (years) 8.4 Nil
Results : Patient Characteristics (1)
YORA: Young onset RA (<55 yrs)
LORA: Late onset RA (≥55 yrs)
DF: Deforming disease
NDF: Non-Deforming disease
EAM: Extra-articular Manifestations
NEAM: Non-Extra articular manifestations
Results : Patient Characteristics (2)
Results : Patient Characteristics (3)
RF: Rheumatoid Factor ACPA: Anti-citrullinated protein antibody
Results: Patient Characteristics (4)
Part I : Summary
— Study groups: 271 active RA (247 females, 24 males) 233 healthy controls (201 females, 32 males)
— Majority (94%) of the patients were young onset RA while Late onset RA contributed 6%.
— The clinical phenotype suggested erosive, deforming disease in majority (59%) of patients with moderate (13%) to high (87%) disease activity at enrolment
— None of the patients had low disease activity or emission
— Majority of the patients were seropositive (RF+-75%, ACPA+ - 60%, RF+ACPA+ - 53%).
— Only 19% of the patients were both RF & ACPA negative
— None of the patients were smokers
— Treatment with DMARDs resulted in good response in 21%, moderate response in 72%
— Poor response to therapy in 7%
Part I : Summary
Results
Part II : Characterization of HLA & Non-HLA genes
HLA-DQB1 RA, n=271AC = 542 (%)
HC, n=233AC = 466 (%) P
*02 48(9) 53(11) NS
*03 167(31) 141(30) NS
*04 11(2) 12(3) NS
*05 164(30) 125(27) NS
*06 152(28) 135(29) NS
HLA Class II : DQB1, Cases vs. Controls
RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis, HC: Healthy Controls, AC: Allele count, NS: Not Significant
HLA-DRB1
RA, n=271AC = 542 (%)
HC, n=233AC = 466 (%) P value P *14 OR (95% CI)
*01 20(3.69) 9 (1.93) NS*03 26 (4.8) 23 (4.94) NS*04 91 (16.79) 66 (14.16) NS
*05 2 (0.37) 2 (0.43) NS
*07 66 (12.18) 73 (15.66) NS*08 13 (2.40) 20 (4.29) NS*09 4 (0.74) 3 (0.64) NS
*10:01 100 (18.0) 43 (9.23) 0.00 0.0004* 2.31 (1.558-3.460)*11 18 (3.32) 18 (3.86) NS*12 15 (2.77) 13 (2.79) NS*13 25 (4.61) 47 (10.09) 0.00 0.01* 0.43 (0.250-0.729)*14 30 (5.54) 56 (12.02) 0.00 0.003* 0.43 (0.261-0.695)*15 131 (24.17) 91 (19.53) NS*16 1 (0.18) 2 (0.43) NS
*- Susceptible allele * - Protective Allele
HLA Class II : DRB1, Cases vs. Controls
RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis, HC: Healthy Controls, AC: Allele count, NS: Not Significant, OR: Odds ratio, 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. P*14 (Bonferroni’s correction) : <0.05 is considered significant.
HLA Class I: HLA-G, Cases vs. Controls
rs66554220 (14bp Ins/Del) RA, n=221 (%) HC, n=200 (%) P+14 307 (49) 210 (53) NS-14 224 (51) 190 (47) NS
+14/+14 43 (19) 47 (23) NS+14/-14 132 (60) 116 (58) NS-14/-14 46 (21) 37 (19) NS
rs1063320 (+3142 C>G)G 315 (71) 282 (71) NSC 127 (29) 118 (29) NS
GG 112 (51) 106 (53) NSGC 91 (41) 70 (35) NSCC 18 (8) 24 (12) NS
rs9380142 (+3187 A>G)A 361 (82) 327 (82) NSG 81 (18.3) 73 (18) NS
AA 149 (67) 138 (69) NSAG 63 (29) 51 (26) NSGG 9 (4) 11 (5) NS
RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis, HC: Healthy Controls, NS: Not Significant
HLA-E (rs1264457) RA, n=221 (%) HC, n=200 (%) P
*01:01 220 (50) 195 (49) NS*01:03 222 (50) 205 (51) NS
*01:01/*01:01 51 (23) 46 (23) NS*01:01/*01:03 118 (53) 103 (52) NS*01:03/*01:03 52 (24) 51 (25) NS
HLA-E (rs2844724) C 94 (21) 93 (23) NST 348 (79) 307 (77) NS
CC 9 (4) 14 (7) NSCT 76 (34) 65 (32) NSTT 136 (62) 121 (61) NS
RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis, HC: Healthy Controls, NS: Not Significant.
HLA Class I: HLA-E, Cases vs. Controls
MICA-129 (rs1051792)
RAn=270 (%)
HCn=232, (%) P Pc OR (95% CI)
met 145 (27) 163 (35) 0.005 0.006* 0.68(0.51-0.89)
val 395 (73) 301 (65) 0.005 0.006* 1.48(1.12-1.95)
met/met 16 (5.9) 33 (14.2) 0.002 0.003* 0.38 (0.19-0.74)
met/val 113 (41.9) 97 (41.8) NS
val/val 141 (52.2) 102 (44) 0.01 0.03 1.42 (1.04-2.01)
RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis, HC: Healthy Controls, Pc: Yates corrected P value, OR: Odds ratio, 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. Pc<0.05 is considered significant.
HLA Class I Typing : MICA-129, Cases vs. Controls
MICA-129 val allele and val/val genotype associated with susceptibility MICA-129 met allele and met/met genotype associated with protection
TNFa-857 (rs1799724) RAn= 269 (%)
HC n=233 (%) Pc OR (95% CI)
C 475 (88) 403 (87) NST 63 (12) 61 (13) NS
CC 210 (78) 175 (75) NS CT+TT 59 (22) 57 (25) NS
TNFa-308 (rs800629) G 529 (98) 450 (97) NS A 9 (2) 14 (3) NS
GG 260 (97) 218 (94) NS AG+AA 9 (3) 14 (6) NS
TNFa-238 (rs361525) G 499 (93) 404 (87) 0.004* 1.90 (1.22-2.99)A 39 (7) 60 (13) 0.004* 0.53 (0.34-0.82)
GG 234 (87) 177 (76) 0.003* 2.08 (1.27-3.42)GA+AA 35 (13) 55 (24) 0.003* 0.48 (0.29-0.79)
Non-HLA genotyping : TNF-α, Cases vs. Controls
TNFa- 238 G allele and GG genotype associated with susceptibilityTNFa- 238 A allele and GA+ AA genotype associated with protection
Non-HLA genotyping : NK cell receptor: Cases vs. ControlsRA, n=236 (%) HC, n=187 (%) P RA, n=236 (%) HC, n=187 (%) P
NKG2D3 (rs1049174)
NKG2D10 (rs2617169)
CC 86(36) 75(40) NS AA 202(85.5) 158(84.5) NSCG 97(41) 83(44) NS TA 33(14) 28(15) NSGG 53(23) 29(16) NS TT 1(0.5) 1(0.5) NS
NKG2D4 (rs2255336)
NKG2D11 (rs2617170)
GG 197(84) 157(84) NS CC 85(36) 75(40) NSGA 36(15) 30(16) NS CT 100(42) 84(45) NSAA 3(1) 0(0) NS TT 51(22) 28(15) NS
NKG2D7 (rs2617160)
NKG2D12 (rs2617171)
AA 49(21) 26(14) NS CC 53(22) 28(15) NSAT 105(44) 86(46) NS CG 101(43) 86(46) NSTT 82(35) 75(40) NS GG 82(35) 73(39) NS
NKG2D9 (rs2246809)
NKG2A17 (rs1983526)
AA 2(1) 0(0) NS CC 90(38) 54(29) NSAG 35(15) 30(16) NS CG 102(43) 98(52) NSGG 199(84) 157(84) NS GG 44(19) 35(19) NS
RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis, HC: Healthy Controls, NS: Not Significant
Part II : Summary
1. Susceptibility genotypes/alleles for RA
―HLA-DRB1*10:01 and MICA-129 val alleles belonging to HLA genes on chromosome 6 are associated with increased risk of developing RA
―GG genotype of TNF-α -238, member of non-HLA genes on chromosome 6 is associated with risk of developing RA
2. Protective genotypes/alleles for RA ―HLA-DRB1*13, *14 and MICA-129 met alleles, members of HLA genes on chromosome 6 are associated with protection
Results
Part III : Association of HLA & Non-HLA polymorphisms with RA disease phenotypes & treatment response
Disease Phenotypes
Autoantibody Phenotype
―RF+ vs. RF-
―RF high vs. low―ACPA+ vs. ACPA-
―ACPA high vs. low―RF+ACPA+ vs. RF-ACPA-
Clinical Phenotype
―Female vs. Male RA―YORA vs. LORA―Deforming vs. Non Deforming Ds.―Extra-articular manifestations vs. without EAM
Treatment Response
―Responders vs. Non
responders
Total RA Pc OR (95% CI) Female RA Pc OR(95% CI) YORA Pc OR (95% CI)Deformities + - + - + -
n (%) 140(%) 96(%) 132(%) 84(%) 131(%) 91(%)
NK9A 11 5 0.03 2.44(1.09-5.98) 11 5 0.05 2.26(1.01-5.57) 10 4 0.04 2.50(1.07-6.51)
G 89 95 0.03 0.41(0.17-0.91) 89 95 0.05 0.44(0.18- 0.99) 90 96 0.04 0.40(0.15-0.94)
AA 1 0 NS 1 0 NS 1 0 NS
AG 19 9 NS 20 11 NS 18 9 NS 2.21(0.89- 5.99)
GG 80 91 0.04 0.41(0.16-0.96) 79 89 NS 81 91 0.05 0.41(0.15-0.99)
NK10A 90 96 0.04 0.41(0.16-0.95) 90 95 0.06 0.44(0.17-1.03) 90 96 0.04 0.38(0.14-0.93)
T 10 4 0.04 2.45(1.05-6.39) 10 5 0.04 2.28(0.97-5.95) 10 4 0.04 2.64(1.08-7.38)
AA 81 92 0.04 0.40(0.15-0.97) 80 90 NS 82 92 0.04 0.37(0.13-0.95)
TA 18 8 NS 19 10 NS 18 8 NS
TT 1 0 NS 1 0 NS 1 0 NS
NKG2D polymorphism : deformities
‘A’ allele of NK9 and ‘T ‘allele of NK10 associated with deformities
HLA-DRB1 Patients HC P Pc OR (95% CI)RF+, AC=406 (%) AC=466 (%)
*10:01 81 (19.9) 43 (9.23) 6.1x10-6 9x10-6 2.45 (1.62-3.74)*13 20 (4.9) 47 (10.1) 0.003 0.04 0.44 (0.24-0.78)*14 18 (4.4) 56 (12.0) 6.1x10-5 0.0009 0.34 (0.19-0.60)
ACPA+, AC=324 (%)*10:01 57 (17.6) 43 (9.23) 5.1x10-4 0.007 2.10 (1.35-3.29)
*13 12 (3.7) 47 (10.1) 7.9x10-4 0.01 0.34 (0.16-0.67)*14 13 (4.0) 56 (12.0) 8.9x10-5 0.001 0.31 (0.15-0.58)
SP, AC=288 (%)
*10:01 53 (18.4) 43 (9.23) 0.0002 0.003 2.22 (1.41-3.51)
*13 12 (4.2) 47 (10.1) 0.003 0.04 0.39 (0.18-0.76) *14 11 (3.8) 56 (12.0) 0.0001 0.001 0.29 (0.14-0.57)
HLA-DRB1 alleles : autoantibody status
AC: Allele count, HC: Healthy controls, RF: Rheumatoid Factor, ACPA: Anti-citrullinated peptide antibody, SP: RF +ACPA+, Pc: Bonferroni correction for multiple alleles, OR: odds ratio, 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. Pc values <0.05 were considered significant. Higher frequency of HLA-DRB1*10:01 in RF+ and ACPA+ patients
Total RA Pc OR (95% CI) Female RA Pc OR(95% CI) YORA Pc OR (95% CI)
RF + - + - + - n 173 48 161 42 161 45 % % % % % %
A 84 74 0.04 1.82(1.02-3.21) 83 71 0.02 1.99(1.08-3.56) 84 73 0.03 1.89(1.03-3.38)
G 16 26 0.04 0.55(0.31-0.99) 17 29 0.02 0.50(0.28-0.92) 16 26 0.03 0.53(0.3-0.97)
AA 70 56 NS 70 52 NS 71 55 NS AG 27 36 NS 27 38 NS 26 36 NS GG 3 8 NS 3 10 NS 3 9 NS
HLA-G (rs9380142) : RF status
RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis, YORA : young onset RA, RF : Rheumatoid Factor, Pc: Yates corrected P value, OR: odds ratio, 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. Pc values <0.05 were considered significant.
Frequency of HLA-G ‘A’ allele significantly higher in RF+ patients
Deforming RA (n=159)P Pc OR (95% CI)
RF+, (%) RF-, (%)
met 62(23) 19(35) NS
val 202(77) 35(65) NS
met/met 7(6) 1(4) NS
met/val 48(36) 17(63) 0.01 0.02 0.34 (0.13-0.86)
val/val 77(58) 9(33) 0.02 0.03 2.80 (1.09-7.59)
RF-Rheumatoid Factor, Pc-Yates corrected P value, OR-Odds ratio, 95% CI-95% confidence interval. Pc<0.05 is considered significant.
MICA-129 : RF status in deforming RA
MICA-129 val/val genotype associated with RF+ status in deforming RA
Soluble MICA levels, Cases vs. Controls
RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis, HC: Healthy Control. Each symbol represents individual samples and horizontal lines show the mean values, Mann-Whitney test (two tailed) was used, p value <0.05 considered significant
sMICA levels significantly higher in RA patients vs. controls
MICA-129 : sMICA levels
MM: met/met, MV: met/val, VV: val/val. Each symbol represents individual samples and horizontal lines show the mean values, Mann-Whitney test (two tailed) was used, p value <0.05 considered significant
MICA-129 , val/val genotype associated with higher sMICA levels
TNFα -857 High titres (%) Low titres (%) P Pc OR (95% CI)Total RA n=28 n=230
C 79 89 0.02 0.03 0.44(0.21-0.97)
T 21 11 0.02 0.03 2.29(1.03-4.78)CC 64 80 0.07 NS
CT+TT 36 20 0.07 NSFemale RA n=26 n=207
C 79 90 0.02 0.03 0.41(0.19-0.95)
T 21 10 0.02 0.03 2.44(1.05-5.30)CC 65 81 0.07 NS
CT+TT 35 19 0.07 NSYORA n=28 n=216
C 79 90 0.01 0.02 0.41(0.19-0.91)
T 21 10 0.01 0.02 2.47(1.10-5.20)
CC 64 81 0.05 NS
CT+TT 36 19 0.05 NS
TNFα -857, : TNFa levels
. ‘T’ allele associated with high and ‘C’ allele with low serum levels of TNF-α
HLA-DQB1 : Treatment response
DQB1*03 allele more frequent in responders (good responders + remission)
DQB1*03 All RA, n=253 YORA, n=237 Female RA, n=247 DF RA, n=160
Good-Responders (%) 32 32 32 34
Non-Responders (%) 11 11 11 11
P 0.008 0.01 0.01 0.006
Pc 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03
OR (95% CI) 3.8 (1.3-15.0) 3.7 (1.3-14.7) 3.7 (1.3-14.7) 4.1 (1.4-16.3)
Responders: >1.2 improvement in DAS28 score (good responders) and a DAS28 of ≤2.6 (remission), Non-responders: ≤0.6 change in DAS28 score or a change between 0.6 and 1.2 with DAS28 score >3.7 on follow up, RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis, YORA: young onset RA, DF: Deforming. Pc: Bonferroni correction for multiple alleles, OR: odds ratio, 95% CI: 95% confidence interval, Pc values <0.05 were considered significant.
HLA-E (rs1264457) GR, n=47 NR, n=13 P Pc OR (95% CI)$YORA (n=206) % %
*01:01 44 69 0.02 0.04 0.34(0.12-0.94)
*01:03 56 31 0.02 0.04 2.91(1.07-8.47)
*01:01/*01:01 15 46 0.02 0.04 0.20(0.04-0.99)
*01:01/*01:03 57 46 NS
*01:03/*01:03 28 8 NS
GR: good responders [>1.2 improvement in DAS28 score and a DAS of ≤2.6 (remission)], NR: non-responders [≤0.6 change in DAS score or a change between 0.6 and 1.2 with DAS score >3.7 on follow up], YORA: young onset RA, Pc: Yates corrected P value, OR: Odds ratio, 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. Pc<0.05 is considered significant.$ Response in YORA (n=206) group: GR-47, NR-13 and Moderate responders-146
HLA-E : Treatment response
HLA E*01:03 associated with good response to treatment with DMARDs
HLA-E : Treatment Response
HLA-E (rs1264457) GR, n=47 NR, n=13 P Pc OR (95% CI)*Total RA (n=213) n=46, % n=12, %*01:01 45 71 0.02 0.03 0.33(0.11-0.95)*01:03 55 29 0.02 0.03 3.02(1.06-9.39)*01:01/*01:01 15 50 0.01 0.03 0.18(0.04-0.91)*01:01/*01:03 59 42 NS*01:03/*01:03 26 8 NS#YORA (n=198) n=44, % n=12, %*01:01 43 71 0.02 0.03 0.31(0.10-0.90)*01:03 57 29 0.02 0.03 3.02(1.11-9.98)*01:01/*01:01 14 50 0.007 0.03 0.16(0.03-0.83)*01:01/*01:03 59 42 NS*01:03/*01:03 27 8 NS§Female RA (n=195) n=45, % n=12, %*01:01 44 71 0.02 0.04 0.33(0.11-0.95)*01:03 56 29 0.02 0.04 3.04(1.06-9.46)*01:01/*01:01 15 50 0.01 0.03 0.18(0.04-0.94)*01:01/*01:03 58 42 NS*01:03/*01:03 27 8 NS
HLA-E*01:01 allele & HLA-E*01:01/01:01 genotype associated with poor response
Part III : Summary
3. Genes influencing autoantibody production —HLA-DRB1*10:01, HLA-G ‘A’ allele & MICA-129 val/val genotype are associated with RF positivity
—Presence of HLA-G (rs9380142) AA genotype associated with RF positivity
—MICA-129 val/val genotype associated with RF positivity and high sMICA levels especially in patients with deforming disease
—Presence of the TNFα -857 ‘T’ allele associated with high circulating TNF-α levels
Part III : Summary
Results
Part IV : Construction of population specific haplotypes for HLA & non HLA
genes
DQB1-DRB1 RA, n=542 (%) HC, n=466 (%) P OR(95% CI)
05-10:01 95(18) 37(8) 6.8X10-6 2.46 (1.63-3.79)
05-14 26(5) 48(10) 8.4X10-4 0.44 (0.26-0.74)
06-13 19(4) 39(8) 9.5X10-4 0.40(0.21-0.72)
06-15 121(22) 79(17) 0.03 1.41(1.02-1.96)RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis, HC: Healthy control, OR: odds ratio, 95% CI: 95% confidence interval, P values <0.05 are considered significant
Haplotypes : HLA-DQB1-DRB1
— 47 haplotype combinations in 504 individuals (patients +controls)— 6 haplotypes were identified as major haplotypes (frequency >5)
Haplotypes DQB1*05-DRB1*10:01 & DQB1*06-DRB1*15 – RA susceptibilityHaplotypes DQB1*05-DRB1*14 & DQB1*06-DRB1*13 – Protective
― Haplotype constructed for 232 controls & 269 RA patients ― Seven haplotypes identified
Haplotype C-G-G more frequent in patients - susceptibility to RAHaplotype C-G-A & T-G-A was higher in controls - protective
Haplotype (1-2-3) RA, n=538 (%) HC, n=464 (%) P OR (95% CI)
C-G-G 429(80) 343(74) 0.03 1.39(1.02-1.89)T-G-G 61(11) 49(10.6) NSC-G-A 37(7) 50(10.6) 0.03 0.61(0.38-0.98)C-A-G 9(1.6) 8(1.7) NST-G-A 2(0.4) 8(1.7) 0.03 0.21(0.02-1.08)
T-A-G 0(0) 4(0.9) 0.03 0.00(0.00-1.30)C-A-A 0(0) 2(0.4) NS
Haplotypes : TNF-α
1-rs1799724, 2-rs1806629, 3- rs361525, RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis, HC: Healthy control, OR: odds ratio, 95% CI: 95% confidence interval, NS: Not significant. P values <0.05 are considered significant
― Haplotype constructed for 152 controls & 252 RA patients. ― Four haplotype combinations identified
Haplotypes frequency similar between patients and controls
Haplotype (1-2) RA, n=504 (%) HC, n=304 (%) P
01:01-T 191(38) 117(38) NS
01:01-C 59(12) 33(11) NS
01:03-T 208(41) 118(39) NS
01:03-C 46(9) 36(12) NS
1-rs1264457, 2-rs2844724, RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis, HC: Healthy control, NS: Not significant.
Haplotypes : HLA-E
― Haplotype constructed for 172 controls & 243 RA patients― Six different haplotypes identified
Haplotype Del-C-G higher in patients – Susceptibility to RAHaplotype Ins-C-G higher in controls – Protective
Haplotype(1-2-3) RA, n=486(%) HC, n=344(%) P OR (95% CI)
Ins-G-A 203(41.8) 129(37.5) NSDel-G-A 147(30.2) 116(33.7) NS
Ins-C-A 35(7.2) 20(5.8) NSDel-C-A 16(3.3) 18(5.2) NSIns-C-G 3(0.6) 30(8.7) 4x10-9 0.07(0.01-0.21)Del-C-G 82(16.9) 31(9.0) 0.001 2.05(1.30-3.29)
Haplotypes : HLA-G
1-rs66554220, 2-rs1063320, 3-9380142, RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis, HC: Healthy control, OR: odds ratio, 95% CI: 95% confidence interval, NS: Not significant, P values <0.05 are considered significant.
— Haplotypes constructed for 236 patients & 187 controls— Six different haplotypes identified
— Haplotype G-C-A-G-A-T-C-C higher in patients – Susceptibility to RA
Haplotypes : NK G2D
1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9 RA, n=472 (%) HC, n=296 (%) P OR (95% CI)C-G-G-Val-01:01-C-Ins-G-A 46(9.8) 18(6.1) 0.07 1.67(0.93-3.12)C-G-G-Val-01:03-T-Ins-G-A 21(4.5) 5(1.7) 0.04 2.71(0.98-9.29)C-G-G-Met-01:01-C-Ins-G-A 3(0.6) 7(2.4) 0.04 0.26(0.04-1.17)C-G-A-Met-01:03-T-Ins-G-A 2(0.4) 6(2) 0.03 0.21(0.02-1.16)C-G-A-Met-01:03-T-Del-G-A 4(0.85) 8(2.7) 0.04 0.31(0.07-1.16)T-G-G-Val-01:03-T-Del-G-A 11(2.3) 1(0.3) 0.03 7.04(1.0-304)
Haplotype (TNF-α-MICA-HLA-E-HLA-G)
Haplotypes C-G-G-Val-01:03-T-Ins-G-A and T-G-G-Val-01:03-T-Del-G-A associated with susceptibility to RA
Results
Part V : Assessment & characterization of cytokine gene expression profile & cytokine
levels
Cytokine Gene expression
— Higher expression of the pro-inflammatory IL-12p40 (Th1) (p=0.02) & TNF-α (p = 0.01) gene transcripts in patients
— Higher expression of IFNγ (p=0.03) gene transcripts in controls
RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis, HC: Healthy Controls, Each symbol represents individual samples and horizontal lines show the median values, Mann-Whitney test (two tailed) was used, p value <0.05 considered significant.
0
5
10
15
Rel
ativ
e E
xpre
ssio
nGATA3
HD RA
0.00
0
2
4
6
8
10
Rel
ativ
e E
xpre
ssio
n
HD RAFoxP3
0.00
0
5
10
15
Rel
ativ
e E
xpre
ssio
n
t-betHD RA
0.00
RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis, HC: Healthy Controls, A) T-bet, B) GATA-3, and C) Foxp3, Each symbol represents individual samples and horizontal lines show the median values, Mann-Whitney test (two tailed) was used, p value <0.05 considered significant
Transcription factor Gene expression
Expression of transcription factors T-bet, GATA3 & FoxP3 higher in controls
0.020.0005
0.01
0.0003
<0.0001 <0.0001
Circulating cytokine levels
— Circulating levels of measured cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-12p40, IL-4, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17A and IL-10) higher in patients
Part V : Summary
1. Cytokine gene expression —Expression of transcription factors T-bet, GATA3 and FoxP3 higher in controls
—Higher expression of pro-inflammatory IL-12p40 (Th1) and TNF-α genes transcripts in patients
—Lower expression of anti-inflammatory IFN-γ and IL-10 gene in patients
2. Circulating cytokine levels —Plasma levels of all the measured cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-12p40, IL-4, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17A and IL-10) were significantly higher in patients as compared to controls
TNF-α ---susceptibility & TNF-α titres
HLA-DR *13,*14 ---Protection HLA-DR *10:01 --- SusceptibilityHLA-DQ *03 --- Treatment response
MICA-129 val --- RA susceptibility, RF positivity, sMICA levels
HLA-E ---Treatment response
HLA-G --- autoantibody status
Chromosome 6 : Major findings
Chromosome 12 : Major findings
Deformities
― Our work identified genetic factors contributing to disease susceptibility & those capable of modulating/influencing the disease phenotype & treatment response
― Identified unique RISK haplotypes for RA suggesting that the genetic pool of South Indian Tamils may be different from other parts of the country and other populations of the world
― Confirmed the dysregulation of T cell subsets that may contribute to a chronic inflammatory state characteristic of RA
Conclusion
In the absence of comprehensive information on the genetics of RA, our data will serve as reference for future studies
Conclusion
Thank you
Thank You
Merci
Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research
Recommended