Sem 2 bs1 telecommunication r1

TELECOMMUNICATION

Telecommunication is the transmission of messages, over significant distances, for the purpose of communication.

In earlier times, telecommunications involved the use of visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags.

"Tele" means "very far".

It describes the long-distance transmission of information without changing the content of such information.

All telecommunications system consists of the following components:

Sender / Transmitter creating information.

takes information and converts it to a signal.

Channel / Transmission medium carries the signal

information will be sent through it.

Receiver takes the signal from the channel and converts it back

into usable information.

receives information transmitted without any changes.

Example: Two people were talking over the phone where the phone line is a communications channel

Source

message

Channel SENDER

message

signal

Source of noise

signal

RECEIVER Destination

Communication generally involves information issued by a terminal or machine brought to some form of communication media such as telephone lines, microwave or satellite systems and fibre optic channels.

Data communication, also known as teleprocesses, involving at least two hardware devices that can 'talk' to each other via a communication network.

Telecommunication Tools 1. Telegraph

2. Telephone

3. Radio

4. Television

5. Computer networks and internet

6. ?

ANALOG OR DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

Communications signals can be either by analog signals or digital signals.

Analog data transmission

Voice signal is transmitted over conventional telephone system as variations in the line voltage along copper cables.

Continuous waveform

Used for voice communications

Digital data transmission

Discrete waveform

A signal can be represented by a series of ‘1’ and ‘0’ and transmitted.

Used for data communications

Modem

To translates analog to digital, computer’s digital signals to analog

TELEPHONE Cable systems traditionally use for telephone are now

being use for fire alarms, security alarms, computer networking, fax machine, etc.

These function use low voltage and no direct connection with the electricity supply wiring.

Telephone cabling must be kept in separate conduits and trunking from electrical wiring for safety and to prevent interference.

For domestic buildings overhead cable entry is usually provided.

For larger commercial buildings the cable connection from outside enters the building from underground.

It is connected to an underground system of cable ducts and manhole of the telecom company.

For single domestic building the telephone cable is in the form of a twisted pair.

The cable is terminated in a main distribution frame (MDF) located in a room on the ground floor.

Typically the room measures about 5m x 4m.

For larger buildings with many telephone extensions, a room adjacent to the MDF room is provided to house the private automatic branch exchange(PABX) equipment.

The PABX routes telephone calls from the incoming lines to the carious extensions throughout the building.

TELECOMMUNICATION - HISTORY

Key milestones in the development of 120 years of telecommunication in Malaysia in chronological order are listed below.

1870 First telegraph submarine cable linking Malaysia and Indonesia marks the start of telecommunication in Malaysia. This link was extended to London in the year 1879.

1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.

1891 The first telephone exchange was installed in the capital city of Kuala Lumpur.

1894 Marconi invents the radio.

1929 The first Royal Malaysia Police Radio linked the island of Pulau Ketam to Port Klang.

1931 The first commercial radio was broadcasted from Bukit Petaling Radio Station.

1936 The first overseas radio link from Kuala Lumpur to the rest of the world was made.

1946 The first telex was introduced. Printed document can now be sent over the wires for the first time.

1959 The first microwave network station for telephone transmission was commissioned at Bukit Nanas, Kuala Lumpur.

1963 The first television broadcast in black and white pictures was launched.

1970 The first international earth satellite receiving station was built in Kuantan, Pahang allowing live international television broadcasts a reality

1979 International Direct Dialing was first introduced in Malaysia.

1983 The commissioning of Kuala Muda Maritime Coast Station for international maritime service.

1985 The latest cordless mobile was introduced.

1987 Jabatan Telekom malaysia was privatised. New logo, new mission statements with higher standards of service were guaranteed.

1992 Smartfon was introduced where one can call anytime while on the move in a Smartfon zone.

1993 Menara Kuala Lumpur or Kuala Lumpur Tower was launched. It was the 4th tallest telecommunication tower in the world at its launching.

TELEKOM MALAYSIA BERHAD

Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM), Malaysia’s broadband champion and leading integrated information and communications group, offers a comprehensive range of communication services and solutions in broadband, data and fixed-line.

As Malaysia’s leading provider in information communications technologies, they strive to provide the right connections to help us bring our close ones closer.

A telecommunications service provider or TSP is a type of communications service provider that has traditionally provided telephone and similar services.

This category includes incumbent local exchange carriers, competitive local exchange carriers, and mobile wireless communication companies.

The connection between telephone and exchange can be two copper wire or wave. If copper wires are used it is called wired connection.

This connection also can be provided by a radio wave. It is called a wireless.

Broadband Technology

Broadband refers to telecommunication in which a wide band of frequencies is available to transmit information. It transmits up to 40 times as fast as a standard telephone and modem

Broadband services can be delivered in different ways: over an ordinary telephone line or private network, via a cable or across mobile and wireless networks.

It will virtually eliminate:

geographic distance

obstacle to acquiring or sending information

dramatically reduce the time it takes to access information.

3G

4G

Internal Telephone System

Internal Telephone System

Telecommunication Room (TR)

Main Distribution Frame (MDF)

Fibre Termination Box (FTB)

Riser Room

Types of Premises

Main Distribution Frame (MDF) In telephony, a main distribution frame (MDF or main

frame) is a signal distribution frame for connecting equipment (inside plant) to cables and subscriber carrier equipment (outside plant).

Termination point within the local telephone exchange where exchange equipment and terminations of local loops are connected by jumper wires at the MDF.

FIBRE TERMINATION BOX The Fibre Termination Box (FTB) must be located at the

right most position as this is the nearest point leading to the internal rise.

The FTB is referred as the fibre termination point at the Telecommunication Room (TR) and riser room for the MDU. The FTB acts as the connection point between the Network Facility Provider’s fibres and the in-building fibre cable. It also acts as the distribution point for in-building cabling.

The FTB must be provided by the Developer and shall be type approved by SIRIM. FTB must be robust and weather proof especially for outdoor installation.

FIBRE TERMINATION BOX FOR MDU

SC-UPC Connector

FIBRE TERMINATION BOX FOR SDU

RISER ROOM The cable risers stretch from the telecommunication room (TR)

to the full height of the building and have access to distribution conduits on each floor of the building.

For buildings with large floor areas (longer than 90m) in each storey, more than one cable riser at strategic points may be planned on every floor.

This riser hole shall be sealed up with fire resistant barrier. It is important that no other services be allowed in this enclosure.

Enclosures shall have fire resistant locked doors of min 2.1m height with the words ‘TELECOM RISER’ displayed on it.

One set of keys of the door shall be kept by owner for safe custody and the other by TM.

RISER CLOSET

RISER ROOM

CROSS SECTION OF RISER CLOSET

TRUNKING The trunking is required for laying the cable inside the

building and acts as the protection and cable guide. For the MDU, the trunking located inside the riser is referred as the Vertical Trunking while the trunking located from the Riser room at each floor to the Fibre Wall Socket (FWS) inside each individual unit of premise is referred as the Horizontal Trunking.

The Vertical and Horizontal Trunking must be provided in all MDU properties.

For the SDU, the trunking must be used to lay the cable between the FTB, located at the outside wall, and the FWS located inside the premise

The riser, Horizontal and SDU’s trunking bending radius must be greater than 10 times of the trunking size to ensure that the fibre cable meet the minimum bending radius.

The Horizontal and SDU’s trunking must be made from PVC or harder type of conduit with minimum 19mm diameter. All conduits or cable enclosure need to be completely concealed and should not protrude so as to reduce the aesthetics either within or outside of the premise.

FIBRE WALL SOCKET A termination point for the Internal Fibre cable and

act as a connection point to the Customer Premise Equipment (CPE).

Sample of FWS

Minimum one unit of FWS must be provided by the developer in all premises. However the number of FWS can be more depend on the number of potential customer in each unit of premise. The FWS must be type approved by SIRIM.

Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX)

Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX)

a telephone exchange that serves a particular business or office, as opposed to one that a common carrier or telephone company operates for many businesses or for the general public.

Make connections among the internal telephones of a private organization—usually a business—and also connect them to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) via trunk lines. Because they incorporate telephones, fax machines, modems, and more, the general term "extension" is used to refer to any end point on the branch.

INTERNAL INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE IN-BUILDING FIBRE CABLING

Building characteristic in telephone installation Number storey

The size of cable pairs

Floor area

Telephone cable incoming size Categories 1

More than 5 storey and the area of floor exceeding incoming 650 m2. Incoming size cable exceeding of 50 pairs.

Categories 2

Less than 5 storey and floor area less than 650 m2. Incoming size less than 50 pairs of cables.

Categories 3

Detached houses or bungalows for residential. 1 pairs of cable size.

Characteristic for domestic telecommunication wiring The grey colored cable should be used for domestic

telecommunication system wiring.

The cable should be protected by a conduit pipe

The cable should not be exposed to the weather

The wiring cannot run on the ceiling

The wiring should be done in horizontal way or vertical way only

Be precise on cable usage

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