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Ajay Singh Rathore
M.A. in Applied Criminology.
Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice.
Jodhpur.
Concept & FactorsOf
Criminology.
Concept of Criminology.
Criminology:
- scientific study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.
- is an interdisciplinary science, which includes: Sociology, Psychology, Law, Criminal justice, Political science, Economics, Natural science.
Biological Factors. Atavism:
A) Criminality result of Primitive Urges,-“Criminals are Born, Not Made.” – Cesare
Lombroso.-He defined Criminals as per their physical
characteristics,- long hairs, long earlobes, large jaw, slanting
forehead…
Constitutional Theory:A) Criminality with reference to Offender’s body type or
structure.- Mesomorph – Adventurous & Aggressive;- Ectomorph – Restrained &Introverted;- Endomorph – Sociable & Outgoing.
Genetics:A) ‘XYY’- Supermale,B) Heredity influences and transmission of characters.
Neuro-transmitters:A) Dysfunction in neuro-transmitters,
- Low levels of Serotonin & Dopamine.B) Hormone influences,
- Increase level of testosterone,- Premenstrual syndrome.
Biological Factors.
Neuro-biology:A) Damage to the structure & function of the brain,
- Pre-frontal Cortex. (head injury, birth complications)
Other Socio-biological factors:A) Low intelligence,B) Poor diet,C) Impulsivity,D) Hyperactivity.
Biological Factors.
Psychological Factors. Mental Health & Criminal Behavior:
A) Abnormal behavior,- Schizophrenia(Social withdrawn,
Isolation),- Mood disorder (Disruptive nature),- Substance related disorders.
B) Aggression & Violence
Criminal Personality & Personality Disorders:
A) Deviant nature/differ from expectations,B) Physiological & Biological Markers,
Psychological Factors.C) Psychological tendencies;
- Identity probs,- Anxiety,- Self harm,- Impulsiveness.
D) Psychopaths/Psychopathic personality,E) Sociopaths.
Learning Theories:A) Freud- Psychoanalytical Theory;
- Ego & Superego fail to restrain aggressive urges of Id.
Psychological Factors.
B) Skinner- Operant Conditioning;- Rewarded behavior will occur
continue,- Individual who rewarded or escape
from punishment for Deviant/Anti-Social act will continue to engage in them.
C) Bandura- Social Learning Theory;- We learn through society and
surroundings,- “Bobo-Doll Experiment.”
Sociological Factors. Self- Irritability & Low self control,
Family- Poor parenting and marriage probs,
School- -ve school experience/ educational
underachievement,
Peers- Delinquent friends,
Work- Unemployment & Poor jobs,
Sociological Factors.Inequality of power,
Child’s socialization process,
Community level risk factors (Disorganization, Social
control, Opportunities)
Pro-social bonds may be inhibit anti-social behavior
(conventional activities & beliefs)
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.
Culture transmission,
Large Population,
Poorly maintained neighborhood,
More Pub, Alcohol Shops,
Gambling places & Tourists places,
Lack of collaboration in Community-Policing.
Religious Factors.
o Correlation b/w Religiosity & Crime;
- Relation b/w religiosity & Drug abuse/ Alcohol.
- Showing superior the one’s religion among all the rest.
Economical Factors.
Rational Choice Theory:- Calculation, decision of profit, benefits.- Wishes & goals-come out with action that
provide more & easy with greatest satisfaction,- Economic play a huge role in Human
behavior.
Unemployment:
Wealth:- provides choice & quality of life to get a
high material standard of living.- In search of Material Success.
POLITICAL FACTORS.
Powerful individuals use their power to establish laws & sanctions against less powerful persons/groups.
Influenced by the views about the govt. or have an opposing ideology.
Crimes of Power includes:- Price fixing,- Corruption,- Nuclear waste products,- Misuse of Power authority.
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