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Global ageing is calling into question the differences between developed and developing countries. Developing countries are seeing a growth of non-communicable diseases usually associated with affluence in wealthier countries: obesity; diabetes; cancer; heart disease; dementia; among others. Urbanisation is posing significant challenges and opportunities, but countries like China are also seeing vast areas of rural hinterland with an increasingly ageing population. At the same time, a complex picture of wealth and financial satisfaction is emerging across the world. The global economy is more heavily interlinked than ever before with the future economic success of the UK and wealthier countries likely to rely on the success of development in lower and middle income countries. There is a very positive story to tell about wellbeing in developing countries which is rarely heard. Across the world, transitions are varying in pace, but a common factor facing most parts is ageing. Focussing on ageing makes good development sense, a fact that policymakers are increasingly recognising. There has been growing interest from academics and policy makers in exploring how to best compare the impact of ageing in a global context. HelpAge International's Global AgeWatch Index ranks countries by how well their ageing populations are faring. The EC and UN supported Active Ageing Index (AAI) is an analytical tool that aims to help policy makers produce policies for active and healthy ageing. The Global Aging Preparedness Index (GAP) was developed by the Center for Strategic and International Studies’ with financial support from Prudential plc. The GAP Index seeks to inform the policy debate about global aging and focus attention on the need for constructive reform. Following introductory remarks from Chris Roles of Age International, Jessica Watson of ILC-UK presented new work using a major international dataset – the World Values Survey – about levels of self-reported financial satisfaction. Analysing data from 56 countries over six continents, these findings throw new light on levels of financial satisfaction within and between countries. This analysis has been made possible by the ESRC SDAI initiative
Citation preview
Understanding wellbeing in old age across the world
Monday 31st March 2014
This event is kindly supported by Age International
#worldwellbeing
Baroness Sally Greengross
Chief ExecutiveILC-UK
This event is kindly supported by Age International
#worldwellbeing
Chris Roles
DirectorAge International
This event is kindly supported by Age International
#worldwellbeing
Jessica Watson
Policy and Communications ManagerILC-UK
This event is kindly supported by Age International
#worldwellbeing
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
What is the relationship between financial satisfaction and happiness among older people?
An analysis using the World Values Survey 1981-2008Jessica Watson, International Longevity Centre – UK
@ilcuk
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
This research
Authored by David Hayes, PFRC
Part of the ‘Financial dimensions of wellbeing in
older age’ project funded under SDAI
http://www.bris.ac.uk/geography/research/pfrc/esrc/
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
World Values Survey
Global assessment of social, political and economic
attitudes and changes
Containing around 65,000 over-50s
84 countries over 5 waves (1981-2008)
Data weighted to be nationally representative
Descriptives are wave 5; Multilevel is all 5 waves
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
World Values Survey
Source: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs/articles/folder_published/article_base_56
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
The analysis
How levels of financial satisfaction (FS) vary b/w
countries in the latest wave of data (2005-2008)
Relationship b/w age and financial satisfaction
Self-reported happiness by country; and by age
Model individual and country predictors of FS and
happiness using multilevel modelling on all five
waves
Identify common predictors
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
This researchTable 1: Satisfaction of all those aged 50+ with household’s financial situation, by country
Rank Country Percentage satisfied (%)
Rank Country Percentage satisfied (%)
Rank Country Percentage satisfied (%)
1 Switzerland 87 19 Trinidad and Tobago
65 37 Ghana 45
2 Norway 85 20 Hong Kong 65 38 Iran 44
3 Sweden 84 21 United States 64 39 Chile 39
4 Finland 83 22 Taiwan 63 40 Egypt 38
5 Canada 83 23 Germany 62 41 Morocco 36
6 Netherlands 82 24 China 61 42 Poland 35
7 Great Britain 80 25 Uruguay 61 43 Romania 31
8 Malaysia 78 26 Andorra 60 44 Ethiopia 29
9 New Zealand 76 27 Jordan 60 45 Serbia 29
10 Italy 76 28 Turkey 59 46 India 28
11 Japan 73 29 Brazil 56 47 Burkina Faso 27
12 Mexico 72 30 Spain 54 48 Iraq 27
13 Australia 71 31 Slovenia 54 49 Ukraine 26
14 Thailand 70 32 South Korea 52 50 Russia 26
15 Vietnam 69 33 Guatemala 52 51 Rwanda 24
16 Argentina 68 34 Mali 47 52 Moldova 23
17 Indonesia 68 35 Peru 47 53 Bulgaria 16
18 France 65 36 Zambia 46 54 Georgia 12
Source: World Values Survey 2005-2008. Base is all individuals aged 50 and above. Percentages are rounded to the nearest integer. Note that Cyprus and South Africa are omitted from this table due to small bases (>100).
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
Financial satisfaction by country
Swiss (87%); followed by Norway, Sweden and
Finland (85, 84, and 83%).
FCCs dominate lower ranks - Georgia lowest
(12%); 6 of 10 countries with lowest FS are FCCs
Africa - low FS (Rwanda, B. Faso, Egypt, Ethiopia)
80% of Older Brits satisfied; only 66% under 50s
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
Satisfaction with household financial situation of those aged 50+ by age group
Figure 1: Satisfaction of all those aged 50+ with their household’s financial situation, grouped by age
Source: World Values Survey 2005-2008. Base is all individuals aged 50 and above. Percentages are rounded to the nearest integer.
53
5657
54 54
5960
48
50
52
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56
58
60
62
50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+Perc
enta
ge in
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gro
up r
epor
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ly s
atisfi
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Age Group
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
This research
Table 2: Self-reported happiness of all those aged 50+, grouped by country Rank Country Percentage
happy(%) Rank Country Percentage
happy(%) Rank Country Percentage
happy(%)
1 New Zealand
97 19 Italy 87 37 Rwanda 76
2 Sweden 97 20 Jordan 87 38 Guatemala 75
3 Malaysia 96 21 South Korea
86 39 China 75
4 Norway 96 22 Poland 86 40 Ghana 75
5 Canada 95 23 France 86 41 Ethiopia 73
6 Indonesia 94 24 Mexico 85 42 Chile 72
7 United States
94 25 Argentina 85 43 Slovenia 71
8 Switzerland 93 26 Morocco 85 44 India 69
9 Netherlands 93 27 Turkey 85 45 Ukraine 65
10 Great Britain
93 28 Trinidad and Tobago
83 46 Zambia 61
11 Australia 92 29 Taiwan 82 47 Peru 61
12 Japan 91 30 Germany 82 48 Georgia 56
13 Brazil 91 31 Egypt 81 49 Russia 53
14 Thailand 91 32 Hong Kong
80 50 Serbia 50
15 Finland 90 33 Uruguay 80 51 Iraq 47
16 Vietnam 89 34 Burkina Faso
80 52 Bulgaria 46
17 Andorra 89 35 Mali 77 53 Romania 44
18 Spain 88 36 Iran 76 54 Moldova 33
Source: World Values Survey 2005-2008. Base is all individuals aged 50 and above. Percentages are rounded to the nearest integer. Note that Cyprus and South Africa are omitted from this table due to small bases (>100).
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
Happiness by country
More than nine-in-ten Britons happy (93%)
New Zealand and Sweden ‘top’, 97% of people
Similarities between Table 1 and Table 2 striking
Of the 10 countries with highest FS, 8 also feature
among the ten ‘happiest’.
7 countries are in the bottom 10 of both FS and
happiness
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
Self-reported happiness of those aged 50+ by age group
Figure 2: Self-reported happiness of all those aged 50+, grouped by age
Source: World Values Survey 2005-2008. Base is all individuals aged 50 and above. Percentages are rounded to the nearest integer.
80
79
80
77 77 77
76
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75
76
77
78
79
80
81
50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+Perc
enta
ge in
age
gro
up r
epor
ting
bei
ng
happ
y
Age Group
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
Multilevel modelling
Multilevel modelling used to analyse hierarchies
Which here is individuals nested within countries
Allows exploration of complex data structures
Simultaneous analysis of different levels of the
dataset (i.e. at individual and country level)
The models we run are two-level binomial logit
models, using McMC estimation
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
Individual-level predictors of financial dissatisfaction among over 50s
50-54s 2* the odds of being dissatisfied (cf. 80+)
Divorced = odds of 1.7; single = 1.3 (cf. married)
Unemployed twice the odds of dissatisfaction
Education a ‘continuous relationship’ with FS
SR lower class 5* the odds of being dissatisfied
Saving behaviour a highly significant predictor
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
Country-level predictors of financial dissatisfaction among over 50s
After controlling individual-level characteristics:
Lowest quartile of GDP 2.2*the odds (cf. highest)
African countries 1.9*the odds of reporting FDS.
Former Communist Countries 4*the odds of
reporting financial dissatisfaction (cf. W.Europe)
Income inequality not a significant predictor
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
Individual-level predictors of unhappiness among over 50s
Similarly to financial (dis)satisfaction, and when
controlling for other characteristics, survey wave,
employment status, marital status, education,
social class and savings behaviour are significant
predictors of happiness.
No. of children and gender now significant (men
slightly more unhappy); age is not significant
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
Country-level predictors of unhappiness among the over-50s
After controlling individual-level characteristics:
Lowest quartile of GDP 2.2*the odds (cf. highest)
Continuing similarities to model of FS, those in
European FCCs higher odds (3.6) of being
unhappy than those in the rest of Europe.
Income inequality (Gini) again not significant.
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
Table 3: Significant variables in predicting both financial dissatisfaction and unhappiness
Variable entered into multilevel model
Significant predictor of financial dissatisfaction?
Significant predictor of unhappiness?
Significant predictor of both financial dissatisfaction and unhappiness?
Wave * *Gender X X Age group X X Marital Status Employment Status Number of children X X Education Self-reported social class Savings behaviour Gini Income Inequality X X X GDP per capita Geography *Borderline statistical significance
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
Security and trust?
Financial satisfaction rooted in…?
Income in later life
– Able and enabled to work
– Filial piety
– Established and reliable pension schemes?
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
Security and trust?
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pension index grade v Percentage over 50s financially satisfied
Overall index grade Percentage satisfied
Overall index grade from Melbourne Mercer Global Pension Grade 2013. http://globalpensionindex.com/2013/melbourne-mercer-global-pension-index-2013-report.pdfSatisfaction level from PFRC analysis of World values Survey 2005-2008
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
Security and trust?
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pension index grade v Percentage over 50s financially satisfied with line of best fit
Overall index grade Percentage satisfied Linear (Percentage satisfied)
Overall index grade from Melbourne Mercer Global Pension Grade 2013. http://globalpensionindex.com/2013/melbourne-mercer-global-pension-index-2013-report.pdfSatisfaction level from PFRC analysis of World values Survey 2005-2008
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
Final thoughts
Some good news - 55% of over 50s report being
satisfied with household financial situation
Macroeconomic context
– African countries 1.9x more likely to report FS
– FCC 4x more likely (cf. W Europe)
Self-categorisation – in socioeconomic class and
for financial satisfaction
The International Longevity Centre-UK is an independent, non-partisan think-tank dedicated to addressing issues of longevity, ageing and population change.
Many thanks
Jessica Watson
Policy and Communications Manager
International Longevity Centre - UK
jessicawatson@ilcuk.org.uk
02073400440 Twitter: @ILCUK
Websites with all outputs:
http://www.bristol.ac.uk/geography/research/pfrc/esrc/
www.ilcuk.org.uk
Jane Scobie
Director of Communications and AdvocacyHelpage International
This event is kindly supported by Age International
#worldwellbeing
Jane ScobieDirector of Advocacy and Communicationswww.globalagewatch.org
HelpAge InternationalOur vision is a world in which older people fulfill their potential to lead dignified, active, healthy and secure lives.
-
Global AgeWatch Index• First-ever measure of quality of life and well-
being of older people around the world
• Uses the latest data available from World Bank, WHO, ILO, and Gallup World View
• Covers 91 countries representing 89% of the world’s older people
© R
andom
wir
e/F
lickr
Global AgeWatch Index - overall rankings
Story behind the Index, meet Katerina• No formal education
• No pension
• Works very hard
• Ill but can’t afford healthcare
• Looks after young children
• Invisible and excluded because of her age
Older people are missed out of data collection and analyses
They are invisible to policy makers
Who sees Katerina?
Proportion of population aged 60+ in 2012 and 2050
What will make a difference
Why an Index? • Start process
• To provide a framework that countries can use to explore their response to ageing; goes beyond economics, reflects priorities of people in older age
• To benchmarks countries and provide a tool for CSO to measure progress and hold governments to account.
• To generate national and global debate, share experience
• Make a practical contribution to the “data revolution” called for in the new Post 2015 development framework
What concept underlies the Index?
• The Index captures multidimensional aspects of quality of life and well-being of older people;
• The Index is built on human development principles which put people and their empowerment at the heart of all social and economic policies;
• Indicators and their groupings into several domains reflect views of older people on issues most important to them (from HelpAge/UNFPA’s ‘Ageing in the 21st Century’, 2012).
Four domains and thirteen indicators
Global Rankings
Insufficient data coverage for Africa, Middle East and Caribbean – close to 100 countries missing
Evidence generated by the Index• History counts - progressive social welfare policies for
all their citizens across the life-course (Nordic European countries)
• Money is not everything –‘smart’ age-focussed spending needed. Poor countries have lessons on offer. (Bolivia and Korea: Ensuring access to quality healthcare has been vital in achieving good health outcomes)
• Ageing well requires action - social progress doesn’t guarantee the wellbeing of all (examples of Korea and India)
• It’s never too soon to invest in ageing (Sweden and Norway; also Mauritius, and southern Latin American countries invested early)
Regional results: Asia (selected countries)
How the Index is being used• 60,000 downloads, 3000 media hits 62
countries
• National research on quality of life older people using micro level data of Kenya, Korea, Bangladesh, China, India UAE, Colombia, Bolivia, Peru and Pakistan
• Latin America and ASEAN interest in creating sub-regional Index
• Ministry of Health and Social Services of Quebec - Index for the province
• CSO e.g. Korea, Bolivia, Colombia, India
Partnerships
• World Bank: provision of data on poverty among older people
• UN Women: work around data, advocacy and research on older women
• Collaboration between Commonwealth Youth Forum Index and Global AgeWatch Index to ensure post-2015 Sustainable Development report responds to all ages
• Human Development Report – how capabilities, choices and freedoms experienced in early life interconnect in later life, how to build resilience to vulnerability and peruse ‘sustained human progress’
• Gallup World Survey – extending surveys
Next steps• Update and publish Index annually on 1
October, 2014 focus on income security
• Evidenced based report and policy briefs based on the Index data
• Expand number of countries, disaggregate by gender
• Develop stakeholder engagement programme at national level, Index training, expand national report cards
• Seek ways to improve index through analysis of micro data and building of feedback – Version 2.0 in 3-5 years time?
Next stepsPlease use it and help us create a better world for everyone
Thank you!
Tim Fassam
Head of Public AffairsPrudential
This event is kindly supported by Age International
#worldwellbeing
Please follow the below link for information on theGlobal Aging Preparedness Project
http://gapindex.csis.org/
This event is kindly supported by Age International
#worldwellbeing
Panel Debate and Q&A
This event is kindly supported by Age International
#worldwellbeing
Lunch
This event is kindly supported by Age International
#worldwellbeing
Panel Debate
Rodd Bond, Director, Netwell Centre
This event is kindly supported by Age International
#worldwellbeing
Improving the Well-Being of Older People
Considerations on a Capability Approach to ‘Ageing and Justice’.
31th March 2014
Understanding wellbeing in old age across the world:
lessons from across the ‘developed/developing’ country divide
Age International, PRFC, ILC-UK Debate
Rodd Bond mriai
Netwell Centre, Dundalk, Ireland
Settlement Global economy
Demographicchange
Climatechange
Our Future
Sustainability context Connection / belonging
Resource
Reconfiguration
Service quality
Front-line Empower organisational
edge (client) for greater self-management
Equitable access Financial balance
Based on Tony O’Brien slide (HSE) at Trinity Sumer School 2012
Shifting the edge Public Service Reform
Care & Cure
Act
ive
Age
ing
Private services
Family
1. Cross sectoral alignments
2. Pathway integration
Person
Public services
Community/Voluntary
Prevention &
intervention
empower and connect the citizen
3. Convergence over time
Shifting the centre: the citizen Person at the heart
Learning Productive Leisure
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10090
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10090
Economics of longer living A changing lifecourse
Connection:
Rural transport & urban mobility
Confidence:
Sense of safety & security
Empowerment:
Better access to better information
Alignment & Convergence:
Health, housing and care
Shareable places for all:
Recognise frailty
Lifecourse:
Inter-generational solidarity
Energy for change:
Older people as a resource
Buildings and outdoor spaces
Housing
Transport
Respect and inclusion
Social participation
Civic participation/employment
Information and communication
Community and health services
WHO: Age-Friendly Cities An integrated agenda for change
Data sources – Gallop doesn’t do it ?
Emerging measures / connectivity Digital inclusion ?
Possibly conflicting directions – employment vs care – and choice ?
Data resolution – neighbourhood level – issues hidden within cities?
Measures and metrics A look at Ireland
Capability Approach‘When evaluating well-being ( a flourishing life ) – the most important thing is to consider what people are actually able to be and do’.
The Capability Approach focuses directly on the quality of life that individuals are actually able to achieve. This quality of life is analysed in terms of the core concepts of ‘functionings’ and ‘capability’.•Functionings are states of ‘being and doing’ – ie well nourished, having shelter, literate, …•Capability refers to a set of valuable functionings that a person has effective access to. Thus a person’s capability represents the effective freedom of an individual to choose between different functioning combinations – between different kinds of life – that he/she has reason to value.
Amartya Sen
Capability Set(functionings available to choose from)
Personal ‘utilisation function’(Depending on interpersonal differences; physiology, and physical and social environment) – ability to convert.
Functionings achieved
Resources(Characteristics of goods available)
Utility(Subjective well-being)
We need a framework• Our problems evaluating the implementation of existing and
innovative policies and practices (measures and indicators) ?
• Our problems framing a coherent agenda across older persons’ employment, inclusion, welfare, health, access and justice/rights ?
• What to do ?– To enhance our well-being – quality of life – Within resource constraints - effectively and sustainably– Attractively, accessibly, safely – quality of environment
• How to govern / plan / collaborate / partner / co-design etc ….. (doing it together) ?
• How to know were going in the right direction (information needs )?
Panel Debate
Dr Jack Watters, Vice President of External Affairs, Pfizer
Ken Bluestone, Policy Adviser, Age International
This event is kindly supported by Age International
#worldwellbeing
Panel Debate and Q&A
This event is kindly supported by Age International
#worldwellbeing
Understanding wellbeing in old age across the world
Monday 31st March 2014
This event is kindly supported by Age International
#worldwellbeing
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