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Estado da Arte na
Segurança de Túneis State of the Art in Tunnel Safety
Dr.-Ing. Roland Leucker
Managing Director STUVA
Managing Director DAUB
Chairman ITA-COSUF
Safety in Road Tunnels
– taking Germany as an example
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 2
Traffic Longest Tunnels Road Status Length Width
Rennsteigtunnel A 71 Operation 7.900 9,50
Tunnel Königshainer Berge A 4 Operation 3.300 9,50
Jagdbergtunnel A 4 Operation 3.070 13,00
Elbtunnel 1.-3. Tube A 7 Operation 2.653 9,00
Engelberg Basis Tunnel A 81 Operation 2.500 15,50
Tunnel Hirschhagen A 44 Construction 9,50
Tw
o-w
ay T
raff
ic
Saukopftunnel Weinheim B 38A Operation 2.715 9,50
Michaelstunnel Baden-Baden B 500 Operation 2.700 9,50
Schwäbisch Gmünd B 29 Operation 2.230 9,50
Kramertunnel B 23 Construction 3.604 9,50
Kirchholztunnel B 21 Planning 2.950 9,50
4.100
On
e-w
ay T
raff
ic
Standards and Guidelines
European Guideline 2004/54/EC
New and existing Road Tunnels
in TERN
German Guideline on Operation
of Road Tunnels RABT 2006,
Update in 2017 (expected)
Additional technical terms of
contract and guidelines for civil engineering
structures (ZTV-ING); Part 5 “Tunnelling”
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 4
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 Time since start of fire [minutes]
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
]
Hydro-Carbon (HC)
RWS (Rijkswaterstaat, NL)
Temperature-Time-Curves
Increased-HC (France)
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 5
Structural Fire-Safety
Common measures: Concrete cover 6 cm
Concrete using PP fibres to prevent spalling
Normal concrete Concrete using PP fibres
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 6 Source: Friebel, Heimbecher, 44 Forschung + Praxis: STUVA-Conference 2011
Structural Fire-Safety
Additional measures
for special tunnels
(e. g. under water)
Prolongation fire curve
Fire protection boards
Fire protection plasters
Note: Visual inspection
of structure not
(or only partly) possible
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 7
Retrofitting of Road Tunnels in Germany
Immediate action programme, 48 Tunnels
10 Mio. €, 2003 – 2009
e. g. Emergency Exit Signage
Operational Retrofitting, 140 Tunnels
500 Mio. €, 2003 – 2015
e. g. Ventilation
Structural Retrofitting, 80 Tunnels
450 Mio. €, 2005 – 2015
e. g. Construction of new Emergency Exits
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 8
2)
5)
3)
4)
1)
Emergency/Breakdown Lay - Bys
Reversing bays 1)
Cross - Passages in Tunnel
Emergency Exits
Emergency Walk - way
Drainage
Emergency Call Devices
Video Surveillance
Tunnel Radio System (Stuff)
PA Systems, Radio Messages
Manual Fire Alarm Button
Automatic fire detection devices
Hand fire extinguisher
Water supply line
Emergency Orientation Lighting
Structural
Measures
Communi -
cation
Devices
Fire
Detection
Fire Extin -
guishing
Emergency Exit Signage
Guiding Lighting
Safety Devices
Standard Special requirement 06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 9
Tunnel Length [m]
Safety devices < 400
≥ 400
< 600
≥ 600
< 900
≥ 900
< 1800 ≥ 1800
Sourc
e:
RA
BT
, to
be p
ublis
hed in
2017
L ≤ 400 m Natural ventilation 400 m < L
≤ 600 m Longitudinal ventilation
600 m < L
≤ 1.200 m Risk Analysis
a) Longitudinal ventilation
b) Smoke extraction via
one big duct in middle
of tunnel
(point extraction)
c) Smoke extraction via
controllable flaps and
exhaust air ducts
L > 1.200 m Smoke extraction via
controllable flaps and
exhaust air ducts
Ventilation in Case of Fire
Two-way traffic ()
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 10
Tunnel Length Type of Ventilation
Sourc
e:
RA
BT
, to
be p
ublis
hed in
2017
L ≤ 600 m Natural ventilation 600 m < L
≤ 3.000 m
Longitudinal ventilation
L > 3.000 m Longitudinal ventilation
with point extraction
every 2000 m or
smoke extraction via controllable flaps and
exhaust air ducts
L ≤ 400 m Natural ventilation 400 m < L
≤ 600 m Longitudinal ventilation
600 m < L
≤ 1.200 m Risk Analysis
a) Longitudinal ventilation
b) Smoke extraction via
one big duct in middle
of tunnel
(point extraction)
c) Smoke extraction via
controllable flaps and
exhaust air ducts
L > 1.200 m Smoke extraction via
controllable flaps and
exhaust air ducts
Ventilation in Case of Fire
Two-way traffic () One-way traffic ( )
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 11
Tunnel Length Type of Ventilation Tunnel Length Type of Ventilation
Sourc
e:
RA
BT
, to
be p
ublis
hed in
2017
Fixed Fire Fighting Systems (FFFS)
are explicitly mentioned in RABT as additional
measures in tunnels with HRR ≥ 100 MW and
Length ≥ 3.000 m (uni-directional traffic) or
Length ≥ 1.200 m (bi-directional traffic)
shall improve 3rd-party rescue, fire extinguishing
protect structural components against high
temperatures
protection goals are to be assessed (self-/3rd-party
rescue, building protection, availability etc.)
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 12
Evaluation based on Large
Scale Fire Tests (SOLIT2)
Impact of Water Mist FFFS on the Safety of
Users and on the Tunnel Structure
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 13
SOLIT2: Safety of Life in Tunnels 2
Fixed Fire Suppression Systems in Tunnels
Integration into a holistic tunnel safety system
Compensation of other safety systems
(e. g. increase of efficiency of ventilation)
Reduction of temperatures and heat release rate
Big work package: large scale fire tests
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 14
Pool fires (Diesel)
HHR: 100 MW
Longitudinal Ventilation 3 m/s
Semi-transversal
ventilation 120 m³/s
Water Mist, Nozzle 5.0 m
above Road Surface
5.0
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 19
Heat Release Rate 100 MW Fire
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0:00 0:01 0:02 0:03 0:04 0:05 0:06 0:07 0:08 0:09 0:10
Time [h:mm]
HR
R [
MW
]
Activa
tion
45 45
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 20
Temperatures 100 MW with FFFS
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0:00 0:01 0:02 0:03 0:04 0:05 0:06 0:07 0:08 0:09 0:10
Time [h:min]
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
]
HCinc-Curve
D007, H=5.20 m
D015, H=5.00 m
D045, H=5.00 m
5,0
40 10 2
Activa
tion
5.0
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 21
Temperature Distribution inside Structural
Concrete
4 c
m
3 c
m
2 c
m
1 c
m
0 , 2
c m
5 c
m T
E 0
1
T E
0 2
T E
0 3
T E
0 4
T E
0 5
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 22
Temperatures 100 MW with FFFS
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0:00 0:01 0:02 0:03 0:04 0:05 0:06 0:07 0:08 0:09 0:10
Time [h:min]
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
]
D007, H=5.20 m
concrete cover 0.2 cm
concrete cover 4.0 cm
5,0
Act
ivati
on
2
HCinc-Curve
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 25
trucks (with and w/o PVC-tarpaulin)
fire load: 408 wooden palettes (9 t) (B=2.4 m, L=10.0 m, H=2.5 m)
Socket 1.5 m => top 4.0 m
Truck Loads
2.4
2.5
1
.5
Solid Fire Load 100 MW
„normal“ start delay
(4 Min.)
semi transv. vent. 120 m³/s
„delayed“ activation of
water mist (12 Min.)
w/o semi transversal vent.
HRR 100 MW
Longitudinal ventilation 3 m/s
Height Fire Load: 4.0 m,
with PVC-tarpaulin
with water mist, nozzle 5.0 m above
road surface
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 27
0
200
400
600
800
1.000
1.200
0:00 0:05 0:10 0:15 0:20 0:25 0:30 0:35 0:40
Test duration [h:min]
Tem
pera
tur
[°C
]
Temperatures (10 m behind fire load)
5,0
10
5,0
10
0 M
W, 1
2 m
in. d
ela
y
10
0 M
W, 4
min
. d
ela
y
Act
ivati
on
of
wate
r m
ist
Act
ivati
on
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 28
0
200
400
600
800
1.000
1.200
0:00 0:05 0:10 0:15 0:20 0:25 0:30 0:35 0:40
Test duration [h:min]
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Heat
Rele
ase
Rate
[M
W]
Heat Release Rate (HRR)
100 MW
Act
ivati
on
of
wate
r m
ist
Act
ivati
on
100 MW, 12 min. delay
100 MW, 4 min. delay
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 29
5.2
2.5
Temperatures
0
200
400
600
800
1.000
1.200
0:00 0:05 0:10 0:15 0:20 0:25 0:30 0:35 0:40
Test duration [h:min]
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
]
H=5.20 m
Concrete Cover 0.2 cm
Concrete Cover 4.0 cm
Act
ivati
on
of
wate
r m
ist
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 30
5.2
2.5
Temperatures
0
200
400
600
800
1.000
1.200
0:00 0:05 0:10 0:15 0:20 0:25 0:30 0:35 0:40
Test duration [h:min]
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
]
H=5.20 m
Concrete Cover
0.2 cm
Concrete Cover 4.0 cm
Act
ivati
on
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 31
Thermal Image of Concrete Surface
Heating up of Concrete
only in the immediate Fire Zone 06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 32
Heat Release Rate
Time [h:mm]
HR
R [
MW
]
Act
ivati
on
HRRmeasured
HRRsuppressed
HRRconv+rad
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 35
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Centre Tunnel [m]
Sp
ray D
en
sity
[l/
m²/
min
]
0 m/s 3 m/s 5 m/s
Distribution of Watermist
Installation of Watermist over 60 m
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 36
Early intervention prevents development of fire
small fires are not so dangerous for persons
small fires have less economic consequences
dimensioning for 100, 200 or even 300 MW fires
may not be necessary
Fire is „encapsulated“
spread of fire between objects (vehicles) is prevented
reduced heat radiation, third-party rescue is supported
Potential for compensation of conventional
measures (ventilation, passive protection)
Effects of water mist systems
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 37
Safety in Metro Tunnels
– taking Germany as an example
Case Studies of
Cologne North-South Line and
Karlsruhe combined Solution 06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 38
Sourc
e:
HO
CH
BA
HN
Ham
burg
Regulations require safe design
of transport structures
Tram construction and operation regulation
(BOStrab)
tunneling guideline
TR Strab Tunneling
guideline
fire safety,
electrical installations
Avoid generation and spread of fires
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 39
“An Engineering Methodology
for Performance-Based Fire
Safety Design of Underground
Rail Systems”
Prepared by ITA-COSUF
Activity Group 2 on
“Regulations, Guidelines and
Best Practice”
ITA-COSUF Guideline
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 40
Protection goals for self and
third-party rescue
Sufficiently thick low-density smoke layer;
tolerable temperatures and
concentrations of pollutants
Securing temporary low-
density smoke escape routes
Adequate dimensioning of
escape routes
Support of emergency services with suitable aids
and constraints
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 41
Verification of protection goals Fire simulation using (CFD) field-model, e. g. KOBRA 3D
Determination of evacuation time according to NFPA 130
and research project “Emergency Scenarios”
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 42
Verification of protection goals
Comparison of smoke accumulation
vs. evacuation time
evacuation time < smoke accumulation
if not, measures have to be taken
Setup of individual holistic fire safety concepts
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 43
Protection of stairways
Fire protection vs.
architectural open design
Stairs preferably closed
Compromise, e. g. fire
protection glazing or
mobile smoke curtains
Combination of different
safety measures
smoke curtains glazing
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 44
Wall and ceiling cladding
F30 dowel and non-
combustible materials
Fire protection design (hot
dimensioning) of sub-
structure according
to EC3 for 30 minutes
Small-format design
(of panels)
Expansion joints
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 45
Separation of fire sections:
Meeting room
Access via
open
intermediate
level
Glazing
towards
platform
Joint escape
routes
F90-glazing
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 46
Smoke extraction
Combustion gases to be
extracted separately
(Separated from persons)
Normally ducts using
thermal lift are sufficient
In special cases: mechanical
smoke extraction is needed
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 47
Fire detection
Aspirating smoke detectors for platform areas
Point type smoke detector equipment rooms
Two message dependency
Manual call point at passage to public area
Surveillance of elevator entrance area for evacuation shuttle operation
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 48
Point type smoke detectors for surveillance
of elevator entrance area
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 49
Guiding of people
Escape and
rescue plan
Emergency signs
Dynamic floor
guiding system
Voice alarm system
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 50
Evacuation of the station
Complete evacuation in case of alarm in public area
Partial evacuation in case of alarm in technical area
Maintaining train operation due to separation of areas in terms of fire protection
Coordination between fire brigade and transport company
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 51
Fire brigade information center
First port of call for the fire
service
Display/control panel of the
fire alarm system
Microphone for PA-system
Key depot
Fire brigade response plans
and routing cards
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 52
Extinguishing water tapping points
In stations in staircase area
In tunnels every 50 m or 80 m
B connector with
B/C interface
Labeling and flash
Water supply line;
Cologne: dry,
Karlsruhe: wet
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 53
Current drain (power supply unit)
Supply of rescue
equipment
In tunnels, every 50 m
230 V two-pin earthed
socket
400 V three-phase CEE
socket
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 54
Other Safety precautions in tunnels
Safety areas
flat, no trip
hazards
Emergency
walkway,
at least
0.7 m x 2.0 m
(0.45 m to
squeeze through)
0.7 m
x
2.0 m
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 55
Other Safety precautions in tunnels
Emergency
lighting at least
1 Lux, positioned
as low as possible
transport aid,
railbound, for man
and machine
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 56
Other Safety precautions in tunnels
Emergency signs
Long luminescent green
along the tunnel
Every 25 m with distance
indication to safe area
Backlit blue at emergency
exit
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 57
Tunnel access signage
Determination of position of
damaged trains
via radio message of the driver
track circuit occupancy/axle
counters
No thermal sensors,
preventing false alarms due to
braking resistors on roof of
vehicle
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 58
Tunnel access signage
Alphabetical listing of every tunnel section provides
unique description for firefighters
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 59
Summary
Primary Protection goal: self and third-party rescue
Sufficiently thick low-smoke layer
Fire protection vs. architectural design
Solutions for Metro Stations:
Fire protection glazing, mobile smoke curtains, guiding of
people
Support of fire brigade: information center, tapping
points, current drain, transport aid, …
Secondary Protection goal: protection of structure
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 60
Recommended