Development 3 phyla

Development:Cnidaria, Arthropoda, & Chrodata

BY:

Known as the “true” jellyfish

• The jellyfish has both sexual and asexual stages in their lifecycle.

• Asexual through budding and

• Sexual through gamete formation and fertilization

1. Male releases sperm into the ocean through his oral opening

2. Sperm make their way to the females eggs which is contained in either her oral lobes or gastric pouches. A sperm will fertilize the egg.

Fertilized egg becomes a zygote

Through cell division, the zygote becomes a blastula with a blastopore like shown below in protostome development. (This is still inside of the female.)

Because the jellyfish are protostomes, the blastopore becomes the oral opening, then the anus forms second. This is the Larval stage of development, a ciliated swimming planula. (about .3 mm in length)

The planula soon settles to the substrate to and will now be a sessile polyp called a scyphistoma.

The scyphistoma produces small ephyra through asexual budding. The budding scyphistoma is called a strobila.

The scyphistoma last about a year.In the strobila the ephyra are stacked but they eventually will be released one at a time.

The ephyra are young medusa which over time, will eventually obtain their adult form. The adult medusa is then ready for sexual reproduction and to continue the life cycle again.

http://www.uni.illinois.edu/~stone2/bee_life_stages.html

http://www.uni.illinois.edu/~stone2/bee_life_stages.html

After the queen has broken out After the queen has broken out of her pupal cocoon she flies of her pupal cocoon she flies off and mates with drone bees off and mates with drone bees that’s main job is to fertilize that’s main job is to fertilize the queen. The queen stores the queen. The queen stores the sperm for a later time in the sperm for a later time in her spermatheca, the sperm her spermatheca, the sperm can last up to 4 years. When can last up to 4 years. When the time comes to “reproduce” the time comes to “reproduce” she lays as many as 1500 eggs she lays as many as 1500 eggs per day.per day.

The queen bee is in charge of The queen bee is in charge of laying eggs.laying eggs.

http://www.uni.illinois.edu/~stone2/bee_life_stages.html

1.The first stage of bee development is 1.The first stage of bee development is the egg. The queen deposits eggs into the egg. The queen deposits eggs into the cell, an empty space in the brood the cell, an empty space in the brood nest. The brood nest is a separate area of nest. The brood nest is a separate area of the hive where bee development takes the hive where bee development takes place. place.

2. The eggs are poppy seed 2. The eggs are poppy seed in size but are slightly in size but are slightly curved. The egg cycle lasts curved. The egg cycle lasts for 3 days before hatching for 3 days before hatching occurs.occurs.

http://www.uni.illinois.edu/~stone2/bee_life_stages.html

http://www.uni.illinois.edu/~stone2/bee_life_stages.html

After hatching begins the larval stage begins and After hatching begins the larval stage begins and lasts for 8-9 days. During this time the larvae are lasts for 8-9 days. During this time the larvae are almost microscopic, and resemble tiny white almost microscopic, and resemble tiny white worms. For the larval stage all larvae are fed royal worms. For the larval stage all larvae are fed royal jelly until the third day. On the third day the larvae jelly until the third day. On the third day the larvae are separated out into the three different bees that are separated out into the three different bees that will be populating the hive. Future queen bees will will be populating the hive. Future queen bees will continue to be fed on royal jelly. Worker bee and continue to be fed on royal jelly. Worker bee and drone bees will be given honey, water, and pollen. drone bees will be given honey, water, and pollen. All larvae will molt 5 times during this stage. All larvae will molt 5 times during this stage.

http://www.uni.illinois.edu/~stone2/bee_life_stages.html

After the 8-9 days After the 8-9 days of larval stage, the of larval stage, the pupal stage occurs. pupal stage occurs. The timing of this The timing of this stage depends on stage depends on the kind of bee. the kind of bee. The queen bees The queen bees pupal stage is 7.5 pupal stage is 7.5 days, drones 14.5 days, drones 14.5 days, and worker days, and worker bees require 12 bees require 12 days to mature. days to mature. During this period During this period the larvae is taking the larvae is taking shape into the shape into the head thorax and head thorax and abdomen. abdomen.

http://www.uni.illinois.edu/~stone2/bee_life_stages.html

After the worker bee emerges from its After the worker bee emerges from its pupal caccoon it immediately goes to work pupal caccoon it immediately goes to work and starts collecting pollen for the hiveand starts collecting pollen for the hive

http://www.uni.illinois.edu/~stone2/bee_life_stages.html

The drone bee is primarily made for fertilizing the queen bee. It can not fly or collect honey, and it lacks a stinger.

Phylum: Chordata

Developmental Stages

• The intrauterine Egg

• The Incubation Egg

• The Juvenile Stage

• The Adult Stage

Intrauterine egg phase

During the intrauterine egg phase the platypus shares many common features with birds and reptiles.

The formation of the primitive streakwithin the embryonal area of the yolk sac is shared not only with birds and reptiles but also marsupials.

Incubation

•During the incubation egg phase the platypus develops its organs.

•While still relying on the yolk, the digits and extremities begin to develop.

•After about 9 days, the yolk is completely absorbed and a hatching tooth emerges. The baby platypus is born.

Juvinile Phase• The Juvenile phase is where the

platypus gains most of its life skills and nutrients that best represent mammals.

• The platypus nurses its young from two milk patches on the underside of its belly for about 4-5 months

• During the weaning process the Juvinile emerges from its burrow and begins to eat solid foods and swim.

Juvinile Phase• During this juvenile

period lasting about 1 year of age the platypus is not capable of reproduction.

• In some cases it can take up to two years for the platypus to reach maturity. It is around the point where maximum body length is achieved and food intake is equal to its weight in a 24 hour period the platypus is consider to be an adult.

Adult Phase

• At adulthood the platypus is able to reproduce.

• It has developed a defense mechanism to allow venomous chemicals to be injected into predators from a needle like spine protruding out of the hind legs.

• The males do not care for the young, and remain in separate burrows than females.

Adult Phase

• The females remain fertile for about 9 years after maturity and males are capable of sexual reproduction through out their lifespan.

• The platypus has a normal life span of about 25 years.

Phylum:

Chordata

Life Cycle

• An elephant’s life cycle is divided into 3 main periods, excluding fetal development.

• They are the infant, the adolescent, and the adult periods.

• Before further discussing these periods, let’s talk about the fetal development stage of an elephant.

Fetal DevelopmentDid you know that elephants have the longest pregnancy of all mammals? They have an average gestation period of 660 days. That’s amazing!

The following picture shows fourteen distinct embryonic phases of an elephant.

After elephant pregnancy has begun, a clear embryonic vesicle can be located and identified using ultrasound scanning on around day 50 of gestation. On days 85-95, the allantoic and amnion membranes enclose the embryo and yolk sac. The heartbeat can also be detected around this time.By 100 days of gestation, the body has straightened and lengthened. The head comprises of almost half the embryo’s total weight.

Infant PeriodDid you know when a baby elephant is born it can weigh up to 300lbs if not more?! Ouch!The infant stage lasts from birth until the elephant has been weaned off its mother’s milk completely. This can be anywhere from 5 to 10 years of age. For the first 3 to 5 years of age, an elephant calf is totally dependent on its mother for food, hygiene, migration, and health. The mother teaches her young skills it will need to survive alone. These lessons include the proper use of their trunk for drinking, eating, and bathing.

Adolescent• The adolescent stage

extends from the time that the elephant has been weaned off until about 17 years old.

• During this stage, elephants reach sexual maturity. However, they do not usually mate at the adolescent stage.

• Young bulls begin to break away from the main herd and form smaller pods of peers, known as ‘bachelor pods.’

• Females are more likely to stay with the main matriarchal herd.

Adulthood• Adulthood starts at about 18 years of age. The elephant has an average life

expectancy of 70 years. • Elephants being to mate at about 20 years old and stop bearing calves at about 50. • Like humans, elephant cows experience something similar to menopause. Many of

the age-related illnesses bear strong resemblances to those of humans, including cardiovascular diseases and arthritis.

Illustrations: By Alexia Dickey

Miller, Stephen A., and John P. Harley. Zoology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013. Print.

Source used for Information about jellyfish and deuteristomes/protostomes:

Works Cited for elephant ( & picture

citations)

• http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/04/africa-elephant-census-capture-falling-numbers

• http://www.elephanttag.org/general/general_elephant_reproduction.html

• http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/274/1608/323.full

• http://www.pnas.org/content/96/10/5555.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1692305/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1692310/

• http://australianmuseum.net.au/Platypus• http://www.australianfauna.com/platypus.php

PresentersJellyfish Development – Alexia DickeyHoney Bee Development – Samantha HuffmanPlatypus Development – John PeckElephant Development – Sereen Mughrabi