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The Importance of Revising Indonesia NAAQS for Local Health
Benefits and to Mitigate GHGs
Hernani Yulinawati
Dept. Environmental Engineering
FALTL – Universitas Trisakti
Jakarta, Indonesia
“Our Common Future Under Climate Change” Conference, 7-10 July 2015, Paris, France
OUTLINE
• Indonesian Policy on Climate Change
• Recent Studies on Air Pollution Related to Climate Change
• Objectives
• Indonesian NAAQS vs. WHO AQG
• Air Quality Status of Indonesia’s Cities
• Mitigation Efforts
• Conclusions
Indonesia’s Policy on Climate Change
• Indonesia’s government actively participates in efforts to reduce global GHGs emissions
• Various regulations have been issued: – Presidential Decree No. 61 of 2011 on the National Action Plan
to Reduce Emissions of GHGs – Presidential Decree No. 71 of 2011 on the National GHGs
Inventory System
• Local air pollution issues are not prioritized • Big cities in Indonesia inadequate integrated air quality
management: – Limited emission inventory – Weakly enforced NAAQS – Lack of monitoring equipments
Recent Studies
• Black carbon (BC), a constituent of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and tropospheric ozone (O3) are harmful air pollutants associated with premature mortality which also contribute to global climate change.
• BC and O3 emission reductions have immediate and multiple health benefits.
• Therefore, policies designed to reduce GHGs have the potential to benefit both air quality and human health Co-benefits (UNEP-WMO, 2011).
Objectives
• To compare current Indonesia NAAQS 1999 and WHO AQG 2005, primarily focused on particulate matter (PM) and O3.
• To show ambient monitoring data of PM and O3. • To show Indonesia’s current emission control
measures targeting BC and ozone precursor. • By linking these three issues, this study will
simulates the impacts of mitigation measures on ambient concentrations of PM2.5 and O3 towards calculating their associated changes in health-related benefits.
Indonesia NAAQS vs. WHO AQG
The WHO AQG 2005 • PM2.5: 10 μg/m3 annual mean; 25 μg/m3 24-hour mean. • PM10: 20 μg/m3 annual mean, 50 μg/m3 24-hour mean. • O3: 100 μg/m3 8-hour mean.
Indonesia NAAQS 1999 • PM2.5: 15 μg/m3 annual mean; 65 μg/m3 24-hour mean. • PM10: annual mean is not available, 150 μg/m3 24-hour
mean. • O3: 235 μg/m3 annual mean; 235 μg/m3 1-hour mean
The WHO AQG 2005 provides interim targets as an approach towards achieving air quality guideline value.
Air Quality Status of Indonesia’s Cities
• Indonesia, with higher levels of air pollution, should select a clear, achievable interim target level based on air quality infrastructure.
• There is a substantial lack of monitoring stations for both PM2.5 and PM10;
• Most monitored PM in Indonesia is TSP. • Epidemiology studies related to air quality are
very limited. • Therefore, it is not easy to show the health
benefits of mitigating emissions of air pollutants and GHGs.
Jakarta PM10 Ambien Air Quality, 2014
Source: BPLHD 2014
Jakarta O3 Ambien Air Quality, 2014
Source: BPLHD 2014
Suspended Particulate Matter Monitoring, April 2015
Source: BMKG 2015
Mitigation Efforts
• Emission control from industrial stacks
• I/M
• Public transportation
• Relatively new discourse on low-carbon infrastructure
“Co-benefits” Air Pollution and Climate Change
www.eea.europa.eupublications92-9167-059-6-sumimage124.gif
Conclusions
• Revising Indonesia’s NAAQS is needed to make sure public health is guaranteed.
• Air quality and health co-benefits, they are mainly local and near-term, offer better motivation for transformation to a low-carbon paradigm.
• It will be more feasible to set the target to mitigate the GHGs related to air pollutants.
Acknowledgements
• The Jakarta Environmental Management Agency (BPLHD Provinsi DKI Jakarta)
• Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG)
• The International Council for Science (ICSU) for Financial Support
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