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Playable One-Switch Video Games for Children with Severe Motor Disabilities
based on GNomon
Sebastián Aced López*
Fulvio Corno
Luigi De Russis
GNomon
CONTEXT
2
GNomon
CONTEXT
Play is the leading source of development in
the early years.
2
GNomon
CONTEXT
Play is the leading source of development in
the early years.
Two forms of play: open-ended and
structured play (Games).
2
GNomon
CONTEXT
Play is the leading source of development in
the early years.
Two forms of play: open-ended and
structured play (Games).
Video Games are unique thanks to their
interactiveness.
2
GNomon
CONTEXT
Play is the leading source of development in
the early years.
Two forms of play: open-ended and
structured play (Games).
Video Games are unique thanks to their
interactiveness.
2
GNomon
PROBLEM
3
GNomon
PROBLEM
3
Children with sensorial, cognitive or motor disabilities cannot
use standard input/output devices to play video games.
Children with severe motor disabilities that rely on One-
Switch interaction for accessing electronic devices.
GNomon
PROBLEM
3
Children with sensorial, cognitive or motor disabilities cannot
use standard input/output devices to play video games.
Children with severe motor disabilities that rely on One-
Switch interaction for accessing electronic devices.
GNomon
PROBLEM
3
Children with sensorial, cognitive or motor disabilities cannot
use standard input/output devices to play video games.
Children with severe motor disabilities that rely on One-
Switch interaction for accessing electronic devices.
These children are EXCLUDED from playing dynamic video
games, as those played by their peers without disabilities.
GNomon
ONE-SWITCH INTERACTION
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GNomon
DYNAMIC vs SCANNING
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GNomon
Timely responses
Time-Independent interaction
5
DYNAMIC vs SCANNING
GNomon 5
Timely responses
Highly interactive
Time-Independent interaction
Limited interaction
DYNAMIC vs SCANNING
GNomon 5
Timely responses
Highly interactive
Moving elements
Time-Independent interaction
Limited interaction
Stationary elements
DYNAMIC vs SCANNING
GNomon
Timely responses
Highly interactive
Moving elements
5
Time-Independent interaction
Limited interaction
Stationary elements
DYNAMIC vs SCANNING
GNomon
RESEARCH QUESTION
Is it possible to make dynamic
one-switch video games,
without scanning, but playable
by children with severe motor
disabilities
6
GNomon
GNomon
GNomon
GNomon
A framework that enables the creation of
dynamic one-switch video games.
Based on the NOMON mode of interaction.
Provides functionalities to support
common dynamic game actions.
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GNomon
HOW GNomon WORKS?
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GNomon
HOW GNomon WORKS? (1)
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A clock is associated to
each selectable element
GNomon
HOW GNomon WORKS? (2)
8
A clock is associated to
each selectable element
Same rotation speed
Different phase
GNomon
HOW GNomon WORKS? (3)
8
A clock is associated to
each selectable element
Same rotation speed
Different phase
Probability of being the
selection is calculated for
each clock
GNomon
HOW GNomon WORKS? (4)
8
A clock is associated to
each selectable element
Same rotation speed
Different phase
Probability of being the
selection is calculated for
each clock
Selection occurs if
probability reaches a
threshold
GNomon
HOW GNomon WORKS?
8
A clock is associated to
each selectable element
Same rotation speed
Different phase
Probability of being the
selection is calculated for
each clock
Selection occurs if
probability reaches a
threshold
GNomon
GNomon ACCESSIBILITY
GNomon was designed in close
collaboration with a team of expert
speech therapists, physiotherapists and
psychologists.
9
GNomon
GNomon ACCESSIBILITY
GNomon was designed in close
collaboration with a team of expert
speech therapists, physiotherapists and
psychologists.
9
BEFORE
AFTER
GNomon
GNomon ACCESSIBILITY
GNomon was designed in close
collaboration with a team of expert
speech therapists, physiotherapists and
psychologists.
Indicators for facilitating interaction
Eye-catching design
Auditory and visual feedback
BEFORE
AFTER
9
GNomon
THE GAMES
Three mini-games were made to evaluate
the playability of dynamic One-Switch
games based on GNomon:
One Switch Demo
One Switch Ladybugs
One Switch Invaders
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GNomon
LADYBUGS AND INVADERS
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GNomon
EVALUATION
The playability of dynamic video games based on GNomon was evaluated by assessing:
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GNomon
EVALUATION
The playability of dynamic video games based on GNomon was evaluated by assessing:
Learnability
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GNomon
EVALUATION
The playability of dynamic video games based on GNomon was evaluated by assessing:
Learnability
Effectiveness
12
GNomon
EVALUATION
The playability of dynamic video games based on GNomon was evaluated by assessing:
Learnability
Effectiveness
Errors
12
GNomon
EVALUATION
The playability of dynamic video games based on GNomon was evaluated by assessing:
Learnability
Effectiveness
Errors
Satisfaction
12
GNomon
EVALUATION
The playability of dynamic video games based on GNomon was evaluated by assessing:
Learnability
Effectiveness
Errors
Satisfaction
Memorability
12
GNomon
PARTICIPANTS
13
GNomon
PARTICIPANTS
13
GNomon
PARTICIPANTS
13
GNomon
PARTICIPANTS
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8
Ag
e (
years
)
Participants
P1
P2
Cognitively able
Female
Male
GNomon
PROCEDURE
14
GNomon
PROCEDURE
14
SESSION 1 SESSION 2
1
3
GNomon
PROCEDURE
14
SESSION 1 SESSION 2
1 2 DEMO 2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS
1 DEMO 1 LADYBUGS 1 INVADERS
GNomon
PROCEDURE
14
SESSION 1 SESSION 2
1 2 DEMO 2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS
1 DEMO 1 LADYBUGS 1 INVADERS
2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS 2 DEMO
GNomon
PROCEDURE
14
SESSION 1 SESSION 2
1 2 DEMO 2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS
1 DEMO 1 LADYBUGS 1 INVADERS
2 DEMO 2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS
GNomon
PROCEDURE
14
SESSION 1 SESSION 2
1 2 DEMO 2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS
1 DEMO 1 LADYBUGS 1 INVADERS
2 DEMO 2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS
GNomon
PROCEDURE
14
SESSION 1 SESSION 2
1 2 DEMO 2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS
1 DEMO 1 LADYBUGS 1 INVADERS
2 DEMO 2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS
3
GNomon
PROCEDURE
14
SESSION 1 SESSION 2
1
3
2 DEMO 2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS
2
1 DEMO 1 LADYBUGS 1 INVADERS
2 DEMO 2 LADYBUGS 2 INVADERS
GNomon
RESULTS
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GNomon
RESULTS
Average session duration: 13 min
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GNomon
RESULTS
Average session duration: 13 min
All the 8 children had fun while they were
playing
15
GNomon
RESULTS
Average session duration: 13 min
All the 8 children had fun while they were
playing
All the children understood the interface
15
GNomon
RESULTS
Average session duration: 13 min
All the 8 children had fun while they were
playing
All the children understood the interface
3 participans were able to play satisfactorily
One Switch Invaders
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GNomon
CONCLUSION
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GNomon
CONCLUSION
Dynamic One-Switch video games based on GNomon are playable by children with severe motor disabilities:
Learnability: two selection, in average, for learning the mechanism
Effectiveness: the GNomon interface allowed them to play and achieve the mini games goals
Errors: errors decreased with practice (within the same test)
Satisfaction: All the children liked the games while they were playing
Memorability: All the children remembered the games and the interface mechanism
16
GNomon
CONCLUSION
Dynamic One-Switch video games based on GNomon are playable by children with severe motor disabilities:
Learnability: two selections, in average, for learning the mechanism
Effectiveness: the GNomon interface allowed them to play and achieve the mini games goals
Errors: errors decreased with practice
Satisfaction: all the children liked the games while they were playing
Memorability: all the children remembered the games and the interface mechanism
16
GNomon
THANK YOU
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