Architecture upload

Art in the 3rd Dimension: Architecture

Reading:Artforms, 189-205

Terms/Concepts:function, form, structure, compression, stretching, bending, post and beam, arch, keystone, arcade, vault, barrel vault, groin vault, dome, squinch, pendentive, buttress, pier buttress, flying buttress, coffer.

Key Issue for Every Building

1. Function: how the building is used.2. Form: how the building looks.3. Structure: how the building stands up.

Key Issue for Every Building

1. Function: how the building is used.2. Form: how the building looks.3. Structure: how the building stands up.

Architecture: Art and Science

“As an art, architecture both creates interior spaces and wraps them in an expressive shape.”

“As a science, architecture is a physical problem: How does a structure hold up its own weight and loads placed on it”

--Patrick Frank, Artforms, 189.

Forces a Structure Works with

1. Compression ()2. Tension ( )3. Bending ()

Forces a Structure Works with

1. Compression ()2. Tension ( )3. Bending ()

Forces a Structure Works with

1. Compression ()2. Tension ( )3. Bending ()

Structures: Post and Beam(Also known as Post and Lintel)

Beam (or Lintel)Beam (or Lintel)

PostPost PostPost

Example: Stonehenge, Salisbury, England, c. 2500 BCEPost and Beam: Weight Distribution

Structures: Post and Beam(Also known as Post and Lintel)

Beam (or Lintel)Beam (or Lintel)

PostPost PostPost

Example: Temple of Poseidon, Athens, c. 430 BCE Post and Beam: Weight Distribution

Structures: Post and Beam(Also known as Post and Lintel)

Beam (or Lintel)Beam (or Lintel)

PostPost PostPost

Example: Frank Lloyd Wright, Ennis House, 1924. Post and Beam: Weight Distribution

Structures: Arches

Arches: Weight Distribution Example: Byzantine Cathedral, Jerada, Syria, 5th century CE

Structures: Arches

Arches: Weight Distribution Example: Great Mosque at Cordoba, Spain, 10th century CE

Structures: Arches

Arches: Weight Distribution Example: Triumphal Arch of Trajan, Benevento, Italy, c. 98-117 CE.

Structures: Arches

Arcade: Weight Distribution

Structures: Arches

Arcade Example: Pont du Gard (Aqueduct), France, c. 1st century CE

Structures: Vaults

Barrel Vault Groin Vault

Structures: Vaults

Barrel Vault Barrell Vault Example: Arena Chapel, Padua, Italy, 1303 CE

Structures: Vaults

Groin VaultPalazzo della Ragione, Venice, Italy, 16th century

Structures: Domes

Dome on Squinches Dome on Pendentives Dome on a cylinder

Structures: Domes

Dome on Squinches Example: Alai Gate, New Delhi, India, 1311.

Structures: Domes

Dome on Pendentives Example: Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, 563 CE.

Structures: Domes

Dome on a Cylinder Example: Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, 693 CE

Structures: Buttresses

Pier Buttress Flying Buttress

Structures: Buttresses

Pier Buttress Example: Westminster Abbey, London, c. 1245.

Structures: Buttresses

Flying ButtressExample: Cathedral de Notre Dame, Paris, 1163-1345 CE.

Structures: Suspension

Suspension Structure Example: Jeppesen Terminal Building, Denver International Airport, 1994

Structures: Shell

Shell Structure Example: Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia, 1957-1973.

Materials Innovative: Stones

Inca Stonework (no mortar), Cuzco, c. 13th century CE

Stonewall with Mortar

Material Innovations: Concrete

Concrete Example: Pantheon, Rome, 126 CE

Material Innovations: Cast Iron

Cast Iron Example: Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, London, 1850-1851.

Material Innovations: Steel

Steel Beams Example: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, New York, 1956-1958

Question: How does a building interact with its environment?

Frank Lloyd Wright, Fallingwater (The Edgar Kaufmann Residence), Bear Run Pennsylvania, 1936.

Question: How does a building interact with its environment?

Frank Lloyd Wright, Fallingwater (The Edgar Kaufmann Residence), Bear Run Pennsylvania, 1936.

Question: How does a building interact with its environment?

Johnson Wax Building, Racine, Wisconsin, 1936.

Question: How does a building interact with its environment?

Johnson Wax Building, Racine, Wisconsin, 1936.

Question: How does the viewer fit into or interact with the space?

Human

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, c. 563 CE.

Question: How does the viewer interact with or form the space?

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, c. 563 CE.

Agia Dynami, Athens, Greece, c. 15th century CE

Question: How does the viewer interact with or form the space?

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, c. 563 CE. Agia Dynami, Athens, Greece, c. 15th century CE

Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building?

The Roman Basilica

Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building?

The Roman Basilica, a reconstruction of Trajan’s Basilica Ulpia, c.

Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building?

The Roman Basilica, a reconstruction of Trajan’s Basilica Ulpia, c.

Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building?

The Christian Basilica.

Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building?

The Christian Basilica, Aula Palatina, built 3rd century by Constantius Chlorus, converted to a church in the late 4th century

Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building?

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, c. 563 CE.

Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building?

Frank Gehry, Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles, 2003.

Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building?

Frank Lloyd Wright, Guggenheim Museum, New York, 1959.

Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building?

Frank Lloyd Wright, Guggenheim Museum, New York, 1959.