Islam: Origins and Expansion

Unit 8: SOL ObjectivesWHI.8a-d

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What is Islam?

• A monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad

Basic Beliefs of Islam

1. One God: (Allah= Arabic world for God

2. Judgment Day3. Acceptance of prophets,

including Moses and Jesus4. Muhammad was the last

prophet by God

Founding of Islam

• 570 AD Muhammad born in Mecca (Makkah)

The Prophet Muhammad

Founding of Islam

• 610 AD Muhammad was told by a vision of the angel Gabriel that he would be a prophet so began preaching in Mecca

Muhammad receiving the message from Gabriel

Founding of Islam• Islamic religion spread from

Mecca to Medina along trade routes

• 622 AD: Muhammad fled to Medina (Madinah) because of threats to his life

Spread of Islam from Mecca to Medina 570 AD to 622 AD

Founding of Islam

• 630 AD: Muhammad returned to Mecca and was accepted

• 632 AD: Muhammad died in Medina (Madinah)

Five Pillars

• As part of the Islam religion, all true Muslims must perform 5 duties:

Affirmation of Faith

• The duty to recite the creed: “There is nothing worthy of worship save Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God”

Prayer• The duty to pray to God

five times each day

Muslims must pray 5 times a day facing Mecca

Almsgiving• The duty to give away

alms and to help the needy

Gabriel showing Muhammad the importance of alms giving

Fasting

• The duty to keep the fast of Ramadan

Pilgrimage• The duty to visit Mecca

at least once in a lifetime

Quran (Koran)

• Islamic Holy Book

Holy City

• Mecca (Birthplace of Muhammad)

Spread of Islamic Civilization

Islamic religion spread rapidly over great

distances: Syria, Iraq, Jerusalem, Egypt, Persia, Spain, Asia Minor, Russia,

and India

• Quran instructed them to spread their faith.

Expansion• 635 AD: Muslim Conquest of

Damascus, Syria

• 637 AD: Muslim Conquest of Iraq

• 638 AD: Muslim Conquest of Jerusalem

• 641 AD: Muslim conquest Egypt

• 649 AD: Muslim conquest of Persia

• 718 AD: Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) mostly occupied by Muslims

• 732 AD: Battle of Tours

–**Muslims were defeated** and Islamic expansion into Europe stopped

Tours is a city located in France.

11th Century

• Turks seize most of Asia Minor from Byzantine

13th Century

• Tatars conquer Russia, converted to Islam

• Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks, End of Byzantine Empire

The Split in Islam

Split of Islam

• 656 AD- two groups split over how the religious leaders should be chosen

SHIITE (Shi’a)

• Mostly in Iraq & Iran

• Thought leader must be related to Muhammad through his daughter Fatima & Ali

The 12 Imams, believed to be descendants of Muhammad daughter Fatima and son-in-Law Ali and the infallible true leaders of Islam.

• Majority of Muslims

• Leader should be any devout Muslim that the Muslims would accept

• Two groups fought each other; Sunni won & began the 1st Muslim Empire:

Umayyad Empire (661- 750AD)

• Moved capital to Damascus, Syria (Centrally located)

• Conquered to the Indus River, North Africa, & Spain

STOP!!!

• **MUSLIMS ARE STOPPED IN 732 AD AT THE BATTLE OF TOURS IN FRANCE***

• Official language= Arabic

Abbasids vs. Umayyad

• Abbasids defeated Umayyad in 750 AD

–Built a new capital in Baghdad, Iraq

The non-shaded region shows the Abbasid Caliphate

• Beginning in 800 AD Islamic Empire began to break up and by 1000 AD only controlled area around Baghdad

• Islamic Civilization preserved and extended ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian Learning

Cultural Contributions

• Architecture (ex: Dome of the Rock, mosques)

• Mosaics

• Arabic alphabet

Dome of the Rock

Mosque in Istanbul

Islamic Mosaics

Cultural Contributions and Achievements

• Universities

• Translation of ancient texts into Arabic

Scientific contributions/Achievements• Arabic numerals (adapted from

India), including zero

• Medicine

• Expansion of geographic knowledge

Algebra

Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis), the father of modern surgery, performed surgeries under inhalant anesthesia, and invented the plaster and many surgical instruments

Medicine

• Al-Razi-– Chief physician at hospital in

Baghdad– Compiled a huge medical

encyclopedia, explaining diseases so doctors could tell them apart.

Medicine

• Ibn Sina– Scholar and doctor– Wrote the textbook Canon of

Medicine– Used in Europe until 1650

Mathematics

• Al-Khwarizmi– Compiled Arabic math book– Developed Algebra

Geography

• Al-Idrisi– Sent people to countries to study

geographic features– Developed more accurate maps

Students in the ancient Islamic University

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