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Table 1.1 MgTable 1.1 Mg2+2+ = 1280 mg/L = 1280 mg/L Table 1.1 electroneutrality is usually Table 1.1 electroneutrality is usually
15%, which indicates analytical 15%, which indicates analytical errors and/or missing solute. The errors and/or missing solute. The Mississippi River sample has an Mississippi River sample has an error of about 50%; those data will error of about 50%; those data will be replaced. be replaced.
Table 1.3a Davies equationTable 1.3a Davies equation The final term has a coefficient of 0.3The final term has a coefficient of 0.3 The example has a coefficient of 0.2The example has a coefficient of 0.2 Davies suggested a value from 0.2 to Davies suggested a value from 0.2 to
0.30.31
Chemical KineticsChemical Kinetics
Material from the handoutMaterial from the handout
Two views of Two views of equilibriumequilibrium
Based on the minimum energyBased on the minimum energy Thermodynamic perspectiveThermodynamic perspective Approach used after tonightApproach used after tonight
Based on kineticsBased on kinetics Forward reaction rateForward reaction rate Reverse reaction rateReverse reaction rate Equilibrium occurs when the net rate Equilibrium occurs when the net rate
= 0= 0
An overviewAn overview
Expressions/analysis of irreversible Expressions/analysis of irreversible reactions reactions 0, 10, 1stst, and 2, and 2ndnd order order
Elementary and non-elementary Elementary and non-elementary reactionsreactions
Series and parallel reactionsSeries and parallel reactions Reversible reactionsReversible reactions Effect of temperature on kineticsEffect of temperature on kinetics
Kinetic expressions Kinetic expressions for…for…
Basic irreversible reactions:Basic irreversible reactions:
Zero order: Zero order: A A P P
11stst order : order : A A P P
22ndnd order: order: A + A A + A P P
22ndnd order : order : A + B A + B P P
An example: Given these An example: Given these batch experimental batch experimental
data, estimate data, estimate the rate constantthe rate constant
Time (d)Time (d) 00 55 1010 1515 2020 2525 3030
C (mg/L)C (mg/L) 2525 1515 99 66 33 22 11
Maybe it’s a 1Maybe it’s a 1stst order order reactionreaction
Integrate…Integrate…
Convenient linear formConvenient linear form
Is a 1Is a 1stst order model order model appropriate?appropriate?
tt (d) (d) 00 55 1010 1515 2020 2525 3030
CC (mg/L) (mg/L) 2525 1515 99 66 33 22 11
ln ln CC 3.223.22 2.712.71 2.202.20 1.791.79 1.101.10 0.690.69 00
Plot ln(Plot ln(CC) = ) = ff((tt) ) Look for straight lineLook for straight line Slope = Slope = kk
ln C = -0.1057 t + 3.26
R2 = 0.9961
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (d)
Ln C
11stst order assessment: k order assessment: k -0.11 d -0.11 d-1-1
Kinetic expressions for Kinetic expressions for elementary reactionselementary reactions
Kinetic expressions for Kinetic expressions for elementary reactions - elementary reactions -
IIII
Differential rate Differential rate analysisanalysis
Apply differential Apply differential approachapproach
t (min) [A] (mg/L)
0 10
2 5.8
4 3.7
6 2.6
8 1.9
10 1.5
Example
Data manipulationData manipulation
t (min) [A] (mg/L) A]/t [A]avg Ln(-A]/t)
0 10 - -
2 5.8 -2.1 7.97.9 0.740.74
4 3.7 -1.05 4.754.75 0.0490.049
6 2.6 -0.55 3.153.15 -0.598-0.598
8 1.9 -0.35 2.252.25 -1.05-1.05
10 1.5 -0.02 1.71.7 -1.61-1.61
Example
[A]avg = average concentration during the period t.
Integral analysisIntegral analysis
Example
n = 1.51kn = exp(-2.34) = 0.096
y = 1.5102x - 2.3399
R2 = 0.9964
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
ln(Aavg)
ln(- A
/t)
Example
y = 0.0573x + 0.067
R2 = 0.9861
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (min)
1/A
y = -0.1884x + 2.1705
R2 = 0.9794
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (min)
ln (
A)
What about 1st and 2nd order kinetics?
Which model is correct? Which model is correct?
n = 1.51 provides the best fit; n = 1 or 2 is not too bad
Elementary and Elementary and non-elementary non-elementary
reactionsreactions
Elementary reactionsElementary reactions
An enzyme-catalyzed An enzyme-catalyzed reactionreaction
Pseudo 1Pseudo 1stst order order reactionsreactions
Experimental designExperimental design
Multiple step reactions Multiple step reactions are commonare common
For example, reactions in series:For example, reactions in series:
AA BB CC
Reactions in parallel: Reactions in parallel:
AA BB
AA CC
Reactions in series Reactions in series exampleexample
Reaction Reaction AA BB is a 0 order reaction is a 0 order reaction
kk00 = 10 = 10-5-5 mg.L mg.L-1-1.min.min-1-1
Reaction Reaction BB CC is a 1 is a 1stst order reaction order reaction
kk11 = 0.01 min = 0.01 min-1-1 Assume all concentrations can be Assume all concentrations can be
expressed as mg of carbon per Lexpressed as mg of carbon per L Initial concentrationsInitial concentrations
AA00 = 10 = 10-3-3 mg/L mg/L BB00 = = CC00 = 0 mg/L = 0 mg/L
Determine Determine AA, , BB, and , and CC = = ff((tt) )
Rate expressionsRate expressions
27
Integrate for Integrate for BB
28
Rearrange to solve for Rearrange to solve for BB
29
0.E+00
2.E-04
4.E-04
6.E-04
8.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-03
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time (min)
Con
entr
atio
n (m
g C
/ L
)
ABC
Parallel reactions Parallel reactions exampleexample
Quiz 1Quiz 1
Imagine you can follow a molecule of copper from the source to the mouth of the Mississippi River. Assume that the average concentration of dissolved copper remains constant at 5 g/L. The total dissolved solids, however, increases significantly from source to mouth.
Would you expect the activity to increase, decrease, or remain the same? Why?
From the perspective of a fish, what is more important, the activity or the concentration of copper? Briefly explain your answer.
32
Reversible reactions Reversible reactions
Relating Relating AA and and BB
Substitute to simplifySubstitute to simplify
Integrate for Integrate for AA
Rearrange to solve for Rearrange to solve for AA
Some special conditionsSome special conditions
Similar analysis for Similar analysis for BB
Irreversible reactions?Irreversible reactions?
If the reverse reaction is very slow If the reverse reaction is very slow relative to the forward reaction… relative to the forward reaction…
Examples of irreversible reactions: Examples of irreversible reactions: PrecipitationPrecipitation LifeLife
Temperature effects Temperature effects
Assessing experimental Assessing experimental datadata
Plot ln(Plot ln(kk) versus 1/) versus 1/TT
Intercept = ln(Intercept = ln(kkArAr) )
Slope = - Slope = - EEArAr//RR
Example for the Q-10 Example for the Q-10 rule rule
Suppose a biochemical rate Suppose a biochemical rate doubles…doubles…
For a system increase from For a system increase from TT = 10 = 10C C to 20to 20C.C.
Estimate the activation energy for Estimate the activation energy for the reactionthe reaction
Arrhenius equation at Arrhenius equation at any any TT
Solve for Solve for EEArAr
Summary of key pointsSummary of key points
Models for simple kineticsModels for simple kinetics Basic elementary reactions Basic elementary reactions 0, 10, 1stst, or 2, or 2ndnd order models order models Evaluation of experimental dataEvaluation of experimental data
Complex reaction mechanisms are Complex reaction mechanisms are likelylikely Parallel or series combinations Parallel or series combinations
Temperature effects Temperature effects
How does water How does water temperature temperature affect pH? affect pH?
Equilibrium expression:Equilibrium expression:{H{H++} {OH} {OH--} = } = KKww = 10 = 10-14.0-14.0 (T = 25 C) (T = 25 C)
Charge balance in pure water:Charge balance in pure water:[H[H++] = [OH] = [OH--] ]
What is the pH at T = 1 What is the pH at T = 1 C? C?
van’t Hoff equationvan’t Hoff equation
SubstituteSubstitute
49
Neutral pH at Neutral pH at TT = 1 = 1CC
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