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Presented by: Norman Uphoff
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The System of Rice Intensification (SRI):
An Opportunity to Improve Food Security with Water-
Saving Benefits
Norman Uphoff, CIIFADCornell University, USA
SRI Experience Is SpreadingComparison Yields (t.ha-1) vs. SRI Average and Max.Country Comp. Yields Ave. SRI Yields Ave. SRI Maximum
BANGLADESH 4.9 6.3 7.1CAMBODIA 2.1 4.4 8.5CHINA (hybrids) 10.9 12.8 14.8CUBA 6.2 9.8 12.7GAMBIA 2.3 7.1 8.8INDONESIA 4.8 8.2 9.0LAOS 3.3 3.3 7.0MADAGASCAR 2.6 7.2 13.9NEPAL 4.4 8.1 11.1PHILIPPINES 3.0 6.0 7.4SIERRA LEONE 2.6 5.3 7.4SRI LANKA 3.6 7.8 14.3
Average 3.9 7.0 10.1
Average Yields Impressive --But Big Increases Very Surprising
Indonesia -- West Timor (ADRA) • Yield with current methods -- 4.4 t/ha• Yield with SRI methods -- 11.7 t/haPeru -- Pucallpa, jungle area• Previous yields -- 2 t/ha, with more labor• SRI yield -- 8 t/ha, with less labor + ratoon crop 5.5 t/ha = 70% of first cropBenin -- controlled trials: 1.6 vs. 7.5 t/ha
Experience in West Africa
• SIERRA LEONE: World Vision/SL sent agricultural staff member to Madagascar in 2000; 8 villages (160 farmers) did trials: average yield 5.3 t/ha vs. 2.5 t/ha
• THE GAMBIA: Former director of Sapu Research station did trials there in 2000: 5.4-8.3 t/ha results; field day for farmers on-farm trials in 2001, divided fields (N=10) gave yields of 7.4 t/ha vs. 2.5 t/ha
SRI Data from Sri Lanka SRI Usual
• Yields (tons/ha) 8.0 4.2 +88%
• Market price (Rs/ton) 1,500 1,300 +15%
• Total cash cost (Rs/ha) 18,000 22,000 -18%
• Gross returns (Rs/ha) 120,000 58,500 +105%
• Net profit (Rs/ha) 102,000 36,500 +180%
• Family labor earnings Increased with SRI
• Water savings ~ 40-50%
Data from Dr. Janaiah Aldas, an economist formerly with IRRI; now at Indira Gandhi Development Research Institute, Mumbai; based on interviews with 30 SRI farmers in Sri Lanka, October, 2002
SRI IDEAS CAN BE ADAPTED TO UPLAND PRODUCTION
Results of Trials (N=20) by Philippine NGO [Broader Initiatives for Negros Development] with Azucena Local Variety ( 4,000 m2 area )
Spacing Tillers/Hill
PanicleLength
Grains/Panicle
Yield(t/ha)
Net Return(P)
15x40 7.2 30.4 331.2 7.4 2.520x40 9.9 29.4 338.1 7.7 2.925x40 10.2 28.2 315.5 7.4 2.730x40 9.7 29.8 374.9 7.0 2.635x40 11.4 29.2 364.5 6.7 2.4
SRI changes production paradigm
• GREEN REVOLUTION paradigm:(a) Changes plants’ genetic potential, and(b) Provides plants with chemical-intensive external inputs -- fertilizer, biocides, etc.
• SRI changes certain management practices:(a) To promote root growth, and(b) To increase the abundance and diversity
of soil microbial populations
PROMOTION OF ROOT SYSTEMS
• SRI is becoming referred to in India as ‘the root revolution’
• Roots benefit from wider plant spacing, aerated soil, and more soil organic matter (compost + root exudation)
• Roots are supported by more abundant and diversified populations of soil biota
• Plants are two-way streets, coevolved w/ microorganisms, dependent on them
Cuba: Variety 2084 (Bollito) -- 26 DAP
Cuba -- Variety 2084 (Bollito) -- 52 DAP
Dry Matter Distribution of Roots in SRI and Conventionally-Grown Plants at
Heading Stage (CNRRI research: Tao et al. 2002)
Root dry weight (g)
Root Activity in SRI and Conventional Rice Measured by Oxygenation Ability
Research at Nanjing Agricultural University,Wuxianggeng 9 variety (Wang et al. 2002)
0
100
200
300
400
500
N-n n-2 Heading Maturity
Development stage
Ox
yg
en
ati
on
ab
ilit
y o
f α -
NA
(ug
/h.g
DW
)
W
S
SRI farmer in Cambodia
SRI farmer in Cuba -- 14 t/ha
Research Reported by Dr. Ana Primavesi (1980)
Shoot and root growth (in g) of maize grown in hydroponic solutions (14 days), with varying nutrient concentrations
Shoot Root100% concentration 44 7
200% concentration 34 7
2% concentration 33 23
2% concentration 43 56 changed every other day
Contribution of SOIL MICROBIAL PROCESSESMicrobial activity is known to be
crucial for soil fertility
“The microbial flora causes a large number of biochemical changes in the soil that largely determine the fertility of the soil.” (DeDatta, 1981, p. 60, emphasis added)
Bacteria, funguses, protozoa, amoeba, actinomycetes, etc.
• Decompose organic matter, making nutrients available
• Acquire nutrients that are unavailable to plant roots
• Improve soil structure and health (water retention, soil aggregation, pathogen control, etc.)
Known Processes
• Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) **
• Phosphorus (P) solubilization **
• Nutrient acquisition through mycorrhizal fungus associations with roots
• Contribution of growth-promoting hormones from rhizobia bacteria
• Protozoan ‘grazing’ of bacteria on roots, excreting excess N
** Increased by wetting and drying of soil
AZOSPIRILLUM POPULATIONS, TILLERING AND RICE YIELDS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT CULTIVATION PRACTICES
AND NUTRIENT AMENDMENTSResults of trials at the Centre for Diffusion of Agricultural Intensification,
Beforona, Madagascar, 2000 (Raobelison, 2000)
Azospirillum in the
CLAY SOIL Rhizosphere(103/ml)
Roots(103/mg)
Tillers/plant
Yield(t/ha)
Traditional cultivation,no amendments
25 65 17 1.8
SRI cultivation, withno amendments
25 1,100 45 6.1
SRI cultivation, withNPK amendments
25 450 68 9.0
SRI cultivation, withcompost amendmts
25 1,400 78 10.5
LOAM SOILSRI cultivation, withno amendments
25 75 32 2.1
SRI cultivation, withcompost amendmts
25 2,000 47 6.6
Impact of Transplanting YOUNG SEEDLINGS
• Significant effect from transplanting 8-12 day-old seedlings = during the 2nd or 3rd phyllochron (explained by work of Katayama, 1920s-30s)
• Avoid trauma to rice plant, esp. to its roots, for max. growth trajectory
• DIRECT SEEDING is possible
Effect of Young Seedlings@ Anjomakely Clay Soil Loam Soil
SS/20/3/NPK 3.00 2.04
SS/ 8 /3/NPK 7.16 3.89
SS/ 8 /1/NPK 8.13 4.36
AS/ 8 /3/NPK 8.15 4.44
AS/ 8 /3/Comp 6.86 3.61
SS/ 8 /1/Comp 7.70 4.07
AS/ 8 /1/NPK 8.77 5.00
AS/ 8 /1/Comp 10.35 6.39
Conclusions• New, more productive paradigm is
emerging from practice around world
• Need to reduce current dependence on external (chemical) inputs
• Importance of looking and working below ground -- at roots + soil biology
• Soil depletion or exhaustion can be offset by creating ‘open systems’ supported by the power of biology
Thank You for Opportunityto Share this With You
• More information can be obtained from SRI web site:– http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/
• Or from Association Tefy Saina:– tefysaina.tnr@simicro.mg
• Or from me:– ntu1@cornell.edu
Effects of SRI vs. Conventional PracticesComparing Varietal and Soil Differences
0
2
4
6
8
10
12C
onv.
Pra
ctic
e
1/4
SRI
2/4
SRI
3/4
SRI
All
SR
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Local-ClayLocal-LoamHYV -SandLocal-Sand
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